Last day of History.
1. Causes of the Cold War-
America had a democracy and the Soviet Union was communist..Americans feared a communist attack..Both countries feared the other's government
-Democracy-freedom..people have the power
-Communism-government controls everything and there's no freedom
Truman vs. Stalin:
-were allies during the war
-argued about power
-broke ties at the end of the war
-D-day delay
-Refused to join the United Nations
3 Power disagreement
-Stalin wanted an agreement from Germany that they wouldn't attack
-US wanted to help build Germany back up after the war
-US and Germany wanted to stop Communist control...didn't want it to spread any further
2. Policy of Containment: domino effect, Iron Curtain Speech, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine-
Policy of Containment; U.S. used military, economy, and international relations to slow down the spread of communism
Domino effect; one country becoming communist sparked the decision of another one to be come communist also
Iron Curtain Speech; Iron curtain divided Europe into two groups after WWII, speech given by Churchill on March 5, 46 and it addressed the segregation between East and West Europe, and it was then that the Cold War began
Marshall Plan; Strengthen European economic foundation, it modernized business and industrialization, lowered artificial trade barriers, helped develop self-reliance, and gave hope for the future, we helped European countries
Truman Doctrine; took over support from Great Britain, we helped Greece and Turkey-gave them money and military supplies but not troops
3. House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)-
HUAC; investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive acts on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties
4. Senator Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism-
Joe McCarthy; hunted communists, senator from Wisconsin
McCarthyism; practice of publicizing accusations of disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence
5. Berlin Blockade and Airlift-Brian-
Berlin Blockade; plans of Soviets differed from plans of France, GB, and U.S.. soviets tried to take control of Berlin. Attempted to cut off West Berliners from rest of the world, blockade was supposed to cause starvation and bankruptcy
Airlift; supplies flew into Berlin
6. China becoming communist-Mao- Mao Zedong founding father of communism. Agrarian reform law put land into the wrong hands. Many things different, divorce easy, businesses privately owned, no polygamy prostitution or abortion, marriage reform law, no foreigners or cars in cities. Cultural revolution. Before communism, China was in a war with Japan, had too many people, unmodernized, poor, isolated, money valueless. Three-Antis Campaign; tried to get rid of capitalists. First Five Year Plan based off of Soviet Union's.
7. NATO(beginning to present), de-Stalinization and peaceful co-existence- NATO; North Atlantic Treaty Organization.. Stalin died Kruhschehv came to power, spoke of de-stalinization. No more killing people, less brutal, ending slave labor camps. Peaceful co-existence; we don't have to love each other and get along, but we can live peacefully next to eachother and mind our own.
8. Nuclear Arms race;
-Soviets began working on their own weapons
-Americans predicted USSR's weapons wouldn't be ready until mid-1950's
-First Soviet bomb dropped on August 29, 1949
-Known as "joe One"
-Both began working on hydrogen bombs
-smaller in size but 2500 times more powerful
ICBMs
-Intercontinental ballistic missiles or rockets
-most important development in terms of delivery
-missiles were thought to be more effective thatn strategic bombers
-also cheaper, faster and more diffucult to destroy
-US employed German scientist who had developed the V2 Rocket in WWII
Development
-Biggest problem was accuracy
-Further distances traveled=less accuracy
-US needed missiles to travel long distances
-ICBMs were lighter and smaller
-By 1967, US had developed Atlas missile
-Minuteman
-Atlas took over an hourt to prepare
-By end of the 1950's the Minuteman was produced
Space Race
-On OCtober 4, 1057, the SUSR launched their first milssile/sattelite called the Sputnik
-Showed the had missiles able to reach any part of the world
-US launched own satellite two years later
-When USSR launched Sputnik, America built DEW line around the Arctic-Defense and Early Warning System
-If Russia attacked with missiles, twenty million Americans would die
-There were enough bombs to destroy world by 1961
Polaris
-Subarmarine that the US developed
-Could carry nuclear weapons
-Subs could move closer to USSR
-Accuracy increased
-Could carry 16 nuclear missiles
-One Polaris sub carried more power than bombs during WWII
Defense
-1950's saw first attempts to defend agaisnt nuclear weapons
-The US and USSR built large radar systems to detect bombers and missiles
-Fighter and anti-ballistic missile wer also developed
-Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterreence
-If an attack from an agressor nation would occur, the attacked country would massively retaliate by using force greater thatn the size of the attack
-The aim was to deter that country from attacking in the first place
-The US would use bomb shelters and nuclear weapons helped to defend the US from attacks
9. Fidel Castro and the Bay of Pigs- Cuba suspected invasion, supplied themselves ahead of time. False invasion with cargo ships, then we attacked.. Cuban planes started attacking us. Mission unsuccessful. Cubans supposed to recapture their land that was being dictated by Castro.. were promised air support by Kennedy.
10. The Cuban Missile Crisis- Missiles being held in Cuba, we quarantined them so no more missiles could come in. Made a deal that if all missiles were removed from Cuba, we would not invade them.. we also removed our missiles from Turkey. Two leaders were JFK and Nikita Khrushchev
11. The Berlin Wall--Going Up and Coming Down-
-Barrier constructed by German democratic republic
-Cut of West Berlin from east Berlin and Germany
-Death strip, Wire fence to concrete, Guard Towers, more than 87 miles long
Why it was constructed:
-Eastern Bloc was dominated by the Soviets
-Fascist-radical political ideology
-Socialist state in East Germany
-West Germany hadn't been de-Nazified "Wall of Shame"
-Stopped people from fleeing from East Berlin to West Berlin
Effects:
-many tried to escape to be free
-some families were split because of the wall
-many lost jobs because they were cut off from it
-East German government able to reassert control
Response:
-Kennedy appointed General Lucius D. Clay
-ordered the Berlin airlift to drop supplies
-US troops marched from West Germany to East headed to Wes Berlin
-The convoy arrived in West Berlin
-Berliners felt reassured
The Fall:
-Hugary had disabled its border defences against Austria
-Many East Germans escaped through Hungary to Austria
-Then flooded West Germany and refused to return
-East Germany disallowed travel to Hugary
-Protest broke out in East
-"Peaceful Revolution"--
-Germans gathered at gate, guards overwhelmed
Demolition
-Started on November 9, 1989 (it was put up in 1961)
-Wall not completely torn down
-People came with sledgehammers, and chissels, and hammers
-More border crossings added
-Bulldozers reinstated old roads
-Visa-free travel on December 23
-Short sections and watchtowers left as memorials
-German reunification not official until October 3, 1990
12. Nixon's visit to China-
-President Nixon was a strong Anti-communist
-Wanted to improve relations between the Soviet Union, China, and the US after WWII were deterioratin
-China was teetering on the edge of communism under the control of Mao Zedong
-Government officials were secretly visiting China in order to prepare
-There was a lot of security involved
The meeting:
-took place in 1972 in Beijing, Hanzghou, and Shanghai
-Nixon met with Mao Zedong in Beijing to discuss tension....
-Shanghai Communique
-The US and China issued it
-It stated that the countries would work toward normalization
Results
-improved relations between China and US
-Nixon's trip was set the stage for economic sharing
13. 1970's Peace Attempts-Detente, Salt I, Salt II-
Detente; meant to make international affairs cease or relax, China fearful of us, didn't want to worsen bad relations with Soviets, Soviet Union living conditions poor, wanted to use money on weapons, we were recovering from Vietnam, running out of money, needed better ways to contain Communism
Salt I; Strategic arms and limitation talks, held to limit number of newly created nuclear weapons, 1969-72
Salt II; experiment negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev, 77-79, intended to restrict the manufacturing of nuclear weapons, banned new missile programs, never ratified because of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
14. Effects of the Soviet's invasion of Afghanistan- Afghanistan; grain production dropped, we had a grain embargo, communist leader Najibullah. five million mines in the country, Al Qaeda and Taliban formed, the invasion was a failure, caused low morale, loss of 15,000 soldiers, 1 million Afghans killed, Soviets; lost hundreds of aircrafts and other machines, president Carter prohibited trade with Soviets, also boycotted the Moscow olympic games, we spent a lot of money supporting the resistance group against Soviets, Taraki and Amin leaders of Afghanistan, Taraki first communist president, Amin killed Taraki by suffocating him, KGB killed Amin; thought he wasn't loyal, people didn't like his ways, KGB is like our CIA
15. Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative(Missile Defense System today)-
-was created by Ronald Reegan
-It's a US government program
-used to protect the US frm potential missile attack like from the Soviet Union
-The system had many new technologies
-The missile defense systems could be on ground, air, etc.
-was initially designed to defeat a soviet union offensive strike
-not a lot of hope in the system
-Bill Clinton changed the name of SDI to The Ballistic Missile Defense ORg. (BMDO)
-still in testing
-blocks missiles with satellite detecting them...dummy rockets shoot up and knocks the missiles off course into the ocean
16. Gorbachev's/Reagan's changing ways-perestroika and glasnost, INF Treaty-
-Perestroika- "reconstructing"
-Glasnost- "openness"
-Perestroika was political movement in Soviet Union during 1980's
-getting rid of Communism, allowing more freedom, becoming more democratic
-Glasnost was the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union
-INF Treaty- Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
-Agreement between US and Soviet Union
-Eliminated intermediate range and short range missiles/nuclear weapons
17. The fall of Communism and the end of the Cold War-explain how it all went down-
-Gorbachev worked with Reagan to take down nuclear missiles.
-Soviet Bloc
-Hugary took down the barbed wire on the boardersof Ustria and the wEST
-Berlin Wall was being torn down with pick-axes by fall
-Communist party was forced to resign after 73 years in the Soviet Union
-The Baltic States left the Soviet Union
-Soviet Union was officially dissolved
Fall of Communism
-Workers were encouraged to speak out and also create their own business
-Congress of Peopl's Deputies replaced the old parliament
-Reduced the amount of influence the Communist Party
-Gobachev tried to moderniczer the economy
-Iron Curtain grew extremely weak
-Perestroika and glasnost led to communism collapsing in the USSR and Eastern Europe
-President Yeltsin ended the Communist pwer in Russia by suspending and banning the Communist party and siezing their property
-Big symbol of the end of Communism
-Countries that broke free of Communism; Poland, Hungary, East Germany
18. The new map of Europe(up to present)-
Soviet Union:
-The Soviet Union was known as the Iron Curtain
-They were involved in the Cold War with us
-The Soviet union started to really collapse in 1991.
Countries that formed after the break up of the Soviet Union
-Estonia
-Latvia
-Lithuania
-Moldova
-Russia
-Ukraine
-Belarus
Estonia
-It was a part of the Baltic States
-It first startedoff as wanting economic freedom
-As the Sovet Union weakened Estonia decided to go for full independence.
-They gained their independence on September 6, 1991
Latvia
-A part of the Baltic States
-The Baltic States formed a human line from Estonia to Lithuania to get freedom
-Became free in 1991
Lithuania
-Was a part of the Baltic States
-Became a part of the United Nations on September 18, 1991
Moldova
-On June 23, 1990, Maldova adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty
-This put Modova's laws over the Soviet Union Laws
-Sovet Union tried to stop this but Moldova became free
Russia
-In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Sovet Union
-He tried to move the Sovet Union to a more democratic government
-The Sovet Union broke up..
Ukraine
-After the communist tried to remove Gorbachev
-On August 24, 1991, The Ukrainian Gov. passed the Act of Independence
-This act declared Ukraine of being a free nation
Belarus
-Belarus became free on December 8, 1991
-They had a National Constitution
Other countries formed after break up of the Soviet Union
-Armenia
-Georgia
-Kazakhastan
Yugoslavia
-Yugoslavia's leader was Tito
-The breakup of Yugoslavia was a slow andn war-fiiled process
-It took awhile for all the countries to break up...
Countries formed after the break up of Yugoslavia
-Bosnia Herzegovina
-Croatia
-Kosovo
-Macedonia
-Montenegro
-Serbia
-Slovenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
-there were politicians who kept Bosnia and Herzegovina Sovereignty in mind
-When the leader of Yugoslavia died (Tito), the efforts of these men helped led Bosnia and Herzegovina to their Independecne
-They later became independent
Croatia
-Declared independence in 1991
-Yugoslavia then went to war in Croatia
-They became independent in June 1991
Kosovo
-a huge war broke out when they wanted to become independent
-On February 17, 2008 the declared independence
-they atempted to get independence earlier in September 7, 1990 but didn't get it
Macedonia
-Gained indepencednce in September 8, 1991
-Macedonia stayed at peace while the Yugoslavia...
Montenegro
-Montenegro broke away from Yugoslavia
-When this happened, they became a part of Serbia
Serbia
-one of the last countries to break away from Yugoslavia
-On June 5, 2006, Serbia declared independence
Slovenia
-became independent in June 1991
-After this happened, a war broke out
East and West Germany
-They split at the end of WWII
-They reunited after 45 years
-Became independent on on October 3, 1990
19. Why the US won the Cold War-
-we won bc the Soviet Union fell apart--communism was dying out
-Carter added more bombers and mx missile systmes
-Reagan started the SDI and nuclear subs
-Reagan was held hostage
-the Soviet Invasion of Afganistan...it took all of their resources and it took the toll on the countrt
-Mikhail Gorbachev--was open for change, more capitalism, more freedom
-De tante; reducing nuclear weapons
-all these meeting with the presidents where we improved relations like with USSR
-Breaking down the Berlin Wall (symbol of Cold War)
Perestroika and glasnost, INF Treaty
-Perestroika-Russian for "Reconstruction"
-Glasnost-Russian for "openess"
-Perestroika was a political movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s
-It was widely associated with the Soviet leader of Mikhail Gorbachev
Glasnost
-was the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the USSR
INF Treaty
-Stands for Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces
-agreement between the US and the Soviet Union
-reduced nuclear weapons
20. Korean Conflict-
-was a conflict between communist North and anti-communist South Korea--north invaded the south
-The south Korean invasion was a shock to the US
-Dean Rusk of the State Department had told Congress on june 20 that no war was likely..
-in the beginning N. Korea and troops overwhelmed S. Korea as well as our troops
---this battle was called the Pusan Perimeter
Douglas MacArther ordered an invasion behind N. Korean troop at Inchon
-What started it
-Our goal: Take down communism
-MacArthur: we pushed N. Koreans back and China got involved
-was nicknamed the "forgotten war"
-The Japanese helped us in the war effort
-we paid them for resources and it eventually brought a peace treaty into agreement
Detente
-the easing of strained relations, in political situations
-used to descrebe the easing of realations between the Soviet Union and the US
-alternative strategy of rollback-
Salt 1...Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon.
-was a treaty to limit each power's missile arsnenals (nuclear weapons)
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
-Helsiki Accords-a wide ranging series on economic, political, and human rights issues
-The CSCE was initiated by the USSR involving 35 states throughout Europe
-Soviet Consitution directly violated the Declaration of Human Rights (protects people's rights around the world) from the UN, and became a prominetn point of separation between the Soviet Union and the US
Salt 1 and 11
-led to Start (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)
-all paved the way for easing of tensions and reducing nuclear weapons
Salt 11
-Stretegic Arms Limitation Talkes
-Two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties that invloved the US and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control
-Never actually happened
Vietnam 1950-1975
-was known as French Indochina
-Hochiman wanted France to give up Vietnam
-we did anything we could to contain communism (Policy of Containment)
-we joined in with the war effort: escalation: we started out by giving money to the French to help fight -the communists..then, we send send military advisors to advise them how to fight the communists..then Robert Kennedy sends special forces (Green Berets) and more advisors to do special operations...then we sent combat forces under Lydon Johnson...in 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is passed which gave Johnson the power to do what he wanted to in Vietname--declare war...we then started seeing more troops, more troops, and so on...
-1968 was the turning point: the Tet offensive took place (Tet was a holiday, lunar new year)...Vietkong did this with Guerilla warfare...
-Nixon runs for president promising to end the Vietnam war---he pulls troops out--"Vietnamization"--let the Vietnamese fight
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