Today we presented our topics.
Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture.
Buffalo means a lot to the NA, war was common, counting coup shows bravery, respected nature. They were hunters and gatherers, farmers, medicine.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
to get in the cattle industry and be a cowboy. Farming, Homestead Act, railroads, gold rush in black hills, oregon trail, gold rush california.
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
In 1834 government passed law-gave NA whole great plains area, 1850 said each tribe got own boundaries. Dawes Act- attempt to "Americanize" NA's by splitting up their reservations, lots of land speculators tricked NA out of owning that land
waged war against them, 1890 battle of wounded knee was the last battle
-Describe a cowboy's life.
worked for 10-14 hours/ day for a bigger rancher, cowboys didn't own horses the bosses owned them, cattle driving is occupation for cowboy, started mostly in Texas up to Kansas, it could last 3 months or more, 12 men could manage a herd of 2,000- 3,000 cattle
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
homestead act-big act made by government to influence people to move west, made in 1862,160 acres free to head of family, 1889 massive land rush in Oklahoma, 2 million acres in a day. 1890 government declared that the frontier line no longer existed, Land settlement ended around 1900. Railroads helped people travel west. land speculators would get land and sell it later for more
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
face NA attacks, same as below, wild animals, isolated life, hard long hour days, floods, tornadoes, blizzards plagues
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
extreme hardships, had to make dugouts and soddies, women work, machinery- farmer debt, bonanza farms (1870-1890), enormous farms that had lots of farmers work on it, drought hit land and went out of business only had one crop. railroads, locus plagues
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains? NA stealing cattle and horses same as above
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
common people- farmers and factory workers (people that weren't rich.) Help farmers out of debt, give people a greater voice in government (rich white people were mostly in charge state government picked the state senate, they would pick white rich males. gave people more voice/power), increase money supply in circulation (printing too much money causes inflation. They didn't turn out well. so prices of crops would go up.) Graduated income tax- more money you make more money you pay. (income tax how much money government takes out of your paycheck) Federal loan program, direct election of senators, single terms for president/v.p., secret ballot, 8 hour work day (before people were working 12-14 hour days), restrictions on immigration (they didn't like them because they took jobs and kept pay low)
Ch. 6.1:
--What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's? 1760-1840. UK had the biggest expansion, increase of people who can work (immigrants), more factories being built, inventions like the steam engine. (tons of natural resources, government helped business, cities were growing, immigrants provided cheap labor, growing population provided markets for manufactured goods, oil boom and railroads so you could ship things easier and faster, Bessemer process- cheap way to make steel) Laissez fairre- government is going to stay out of businesses
--What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
Water wheel, provided power. Steam engine, provided power helped in a factory. Typewriter, made writing go a lot faster/ legible reading. Telegraph, made communication easier/ faster also led up to the telephone. Incandescent light bulb, helped make people be able to see in the dark.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
Brought profound political, economic, and social change,_ transcontinental railroad, connection between central pacific, union pacific railroads. Provides transportation from pacific to Midwest, cheaper products, made time zones, ship goods people travel
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
Companies sold land to businesses instead of people, govt gave railroad land to railroad who sold it to business, railroad charged farmers and arm and a leg to use the railroad
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
Organization by farmers, didn't like railroads, sponsored by local/ state candidates, protect interest of railroads. Trying to help railroads be more fair to farmers. Fought the railroads, Granger Laws fought railroad prices. Interstate Commerce Act- allowed the US government to supervise railroads, Failed to help farmers at first, easy to pay it off or ignore it for railroads, Pres. Teddy enforced it
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
immigrated to country in 1848, became private secretary to superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, opened steel company with stock money, made more steel than great britain, Carnegie Steel company. 2nd most richest guy, drove people out of business, and had monopolies
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
owner of standard oil gained total control of the oil industry, richest person in history. joined with competing companies in trust agreements and bought out companies, government broke down his company with the sherman antitrust act.
Both philanthropist when they died they gave lots of money to charities
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
strong businesses survive and weak fall out
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
when one business has complete control over everything, trying to buy out other companies, sherman antitrust act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade. lower prices at first take people out of business then raise prices
vertical/ horizontal integration(242 ch 6.2)- start small and buy companies in the area and keep growing and buying more and more companies. Vertical- buy out oil fields and railroad lines and buy out store. Trusts- monopoly
-How did the government try to regulate business?
Sherman anti-trust act, ex. break up of standard oil
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
workers from related fields who come together to protect and further their rights and interests, not all excepted women and blacks.
issues- violence occurred in several incidents. child labor. strikes- to have a strike you have to have a unnion. streak action- the main weapon for a union. wild chest- to pay workers on strike. grievance- coming to agreement instead of going on strike
-Why did factories higher more children?
not complain not intimidate, low pay, fingers fit in small places, no labor unions
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
no, the owner could fire you, they would make you sign a contract not to join labor union, police, courts were against them, owner owns business if you don't like it then don't work for them
eventually they brought better hours, paid when sick, personal days, put major laws restricting child labor, workers compensation,
Ch. 7.1:
-Why did immigrants come to the US? escape famine, land shortages, religion, "birds of passage" (get something go back home), industrial boom, push and pull factors- reasons pushing you out of your home country and things in new country pulling you there
-Where did immigrants come from? all over the world
-What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
long trip, dirty, bad sanitation, sea sick, diseases, had to go through ellis island and angel island, gave tests, some sent back not many, bad living conditions, hatred immigrants would take people's jobs also racism.. Ellis island east coast, angel island west coast.
-Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
racist toward japanese/chinese. W.A.S.P.- White, Anglo, Saxons, Protestant. immigrants would take peoples jobs
Chinese exclusion act
Ch. 7.2
--Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
immigrants and farmers moving to cities, movement of African Americans to the cities
--What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
sanitation problems, pollution, threw garbage on streets, crime, more people means more crime, tight space
--What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
indoor plumbing, water spickets in building, sewer lines, police, firemen, garbage collection, lighting outside, beautify the cities with parks. settlement houses- where immigrants come in and live together, were run by middle-class and educated women. Jane Addams of Hull House- created settlement house
Immigrants stayed in cities for jobs and to stay with their own people
Ch. 7.3
--What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
(Gilded- to be covered with gold.) outside U.S. looked good, Inside lots of problems. political machines- organization of people that runs the politics of the city, offered services to the people, the position of a mayor in a town was created, immigrants had chances to grow, it was the start of local government, they collected more loyal voters. They kind of bribe people into voting for someone
--Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
Major leader in the democratic machine. He stole millions of dollars from taxpayers. They would bribe immigrants to vote for them. He overcharged taxpayers. Thomas Nast drew anti-tweed cartoons and brought him down
--What caused all this corruption in government?
dishonest people, lack of government laws, spoil system- allows who ever wins election to put who they want in office
--What laws came about to reform government?
the merit system The Penilten Civil Service Act- made people take a test before they got elected
Ch. 8.3:
--What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
Literacy Test- very few african americans could read and right if you couldn't pass test you couldn't vote
Poll Tax- had to pay to vote
Grandfather clause- if your grandfather could vote you could vote
Jim Crow Laws- laws that allowed segregation in southern states
--Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
If the Jim Crow Laws were constitutional. separate, but equal. ex. black schools had to be the same as white schools
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