Artwork and Architecture of the Muslim Empire
- BUI words
- Calligraphy - a type of visual art related to writing
- Arabesque - an ornamental design of intertwined flowing lines found in decorations
- Artwork
- the Muslimes used artwork to reflect their cultural values
- Allah is the center of the Muslims so they also did a lot of their artwork based on the idea of him
- they repeated a lot of things in art (geometric designs) which is called arabesque.
- Art in Religion
- the Muslims people did art in floral and shaped designs because they thought basing artwork off of people was s sin and was forbidden in the Qur'an
- Architecture
- the first buildings that were built in the Islamic Empire were designed by Greek architects
- because the Greeks were building Islamic mosques and not Christian churches, they were able to experiment with different designs
- through this they created a new Islamic style
- in the late 700s AD, the new Arab rulers marked their territory by building great mosques such as the Kairouan.
- Kairouan
- a mosque which would be like our churches
- Math Used - Geometry
- they used shaped to build architecture (buildings)
- Spherical Trigonometry was also used to create right triangles
- they used the binomial theorem to help them build pyramids
- Famous Buildings
- the sacred mosque is located in the city of Mecca, It's a place where Muslims went to worship
- it was also called Al-Masjid al-Haram
- it is a Quadrangle surrounded by stone walls
- Dome of Rock
- Muslim temple in Jerusalem
- the Dome of the Rock is in the center of a greater Muslim shrine, known as the Haram ash Sharif (Noble Sanctuary).
- Muslim Calligraphy
- Cursive styles were easier to write and read and soon replaced the earlier geometric style
- based on Arabic Script
- Calligraphy is the most respected form of Islamic art
- the Arabic Script was the means of transmission to the Quran
Muslim Empire Math
- Al-Khwarizmi
- he was born before 780 in Baghdad, Iraq and died before 850. He was a mathematician and astronomer who invented the Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra. He lives in Baghdad under the caliphate of al-Ma'mun
- Ibn Al-Haytham
- first scientist and the father of optics
- born in Basra, Iraq in 965
- made great contributions to science
- name "the physicist" in medieval Europe
- most famous work was Kitab al-Manazir (book of optics)
- Book of Optics by Ibn Al-Haytham
- seven volume book on the experiments that Ibn performed on the theories of optics
- Astronomy
- they found a huge amount of stars
- Aldebaran
- altair
- Muslims pray before daybreak and before dawn
- predict planetary positions and eclipses
- they found a huge amount of stars
- al-jabr
- it means algebra. it refers to the process of moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equations. If you looked at al-jabr's book it would look nothing like the algebra we do today. It is written in prose. Non of the symbols we use today are in the book.
- Optics
- Kitb - al-Manazir: the book of Optics
- written by a man known as Alhazen
- invention of the camera
- Alhazen created system for adding the first natural 100 numbers
- Kitb - al-Manazir: the book of Optics
Trade Muslim Empire 8th-14th Century
- Trade Partners on Land
- India
- China
- Arabia
- Northwest Africa
- Egypt
- Black Sea
- Southwest Persia
- Reasons for Trading
- some of the money from trade went into building irrigation systems and new canals that helped farmers get more out of their land
- the money also helped farmers if they had a bad year
- Bank System
- the start of the banking system was when Muhammad acted as an agent for his wide for her trading operations
- Islamic partnerships did not use interest on day to day transactions
- these partnerships performed an important economic function
- they combined the three most important things to maximize production:
- they were capital, labor and entrepreneurship
- Currency
- the Dinar was and is the main form of currency
- exactly 1163 dinar currently go into an American dollar
- to be able to do anything significant as far as a purchase, you'd need probably 5,000 dinar to buy a loaf of bread in the U.S.
- investing in Dinar is like buying stock though, it's value wavers every day
- Sakks
- sukuk is the singular word
- they are financial certificates, kind of like bonds
- the issuer of a sukuk is basically selling a share of an asset to an investor group
- the recipient of the sukuk then rents it back to the issuer for a predetermined fee
- interest cannot be charged during this process
- there has been an increased use of these in recent years
Muslim Empire Religion
- Main things they do
- Muslims pray 5 times day
- the Muslims believe they know everything about religion and their religion is the only one that is right
- believe Allah will give them 72 virgins
- the cause a lot of violent problems yet believe their religion is one of peace
- beliefs
- they believe that there is only one god
- read many books of God, especially the Qur'an
- Prophets of god, especially Muhammad
- the Day of Judgement
- The supremacy of God's will
- Quran
- verb meaning he read
- Muslims believe that the Quran is different form all other book in way that are impossible for any other book to be, such that similar texts cannot be written by humans
- Scholars of Islam believe that its poetic form is unique and of a fashion. They also claim it contains accurate prophecy and that no other book does]
- History in the 10th Century
- Muslims and their religion have greatly impacted the political, economic and military history of the Old World, especially the Middle East, where lies its roots
- Muslims believe that the revelation to humanity was written down in the Quran, which is the flawless word of God
- History in the 11th Century
- Part of Abbasid era
- Christianity was 11% in the middle east
- many crusaders and mongols tried to spread their religions and they destroyed trade routes in the process. This cause an economic collapse and a rise in banditry and piracy
- Muslim history in the 12th Century
- part of the Abbasid era
- Christianity in the 12th century was marked by a continuation of the crusades, mainly with the second crusade in the holy land
- Muslim history in the 13th century
- Helped create cross-cultural religion (combining religions)
- Got freedom of speech (you could say anything and no one could do anything about it)
Mongol Invasion
- Major invasions occurred in the 13th century
- Main leader was Genghis Khan
- 2 strategies war:
- he used conquered soldiers or peasants as the front line
- used archery - generally on a horse
- main weapon was long bow - made of wood and bone
- 2 strategies war:
- conquered most of the Asian continent
- Genghis Khan passed the leadership on to his sons
- Genghis Kan was not tolerant of the Islam religion
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