Originally known as the Great War, lasted (1914-1918). Nicknamed "the war to end all wars" Treaty of Versailles, a lot of countries outlawed war. Map of Europe Before and After WWI.
- Causes of the war-Abby KNoW
Militarism -building up military and getting ready for a war
Alliances- Building up armed forces and getting ready for war. Fear of being attacked forms alliances.
Imperialism- Building up an empire. Countries were trying to get more power and grow.
Nationalism- Having pride in your country, being ready for war. Some countries believed they could win it all and they trusted they were ready for war. Extreme nationalist- someone thinks that their country is so great that everyone should be like them and be perfect.
Assassination- The assassination of archduke and his wife was a huge hit that made war the start
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassination-Tiffani
Early life- wealthy, high level of military status, Prince of Austria, married Sophie Chotek in 1900, marriage was secretive, he wasn't polite.
June 1914, Ferdinand was assassinated while visiting Bosnian capital Sarajevo. Gavilo Princip shot him.
Black Hand- secret military, members of Serbian Army, attempted assassination. Serbia wanted to take back some of the land and create Greater Serbia
Austria declared war against serbia, later after more European nations were pulled into the war
Declarations of war-Katherine
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. (July 28, 1914) Germany declares war on Russia. (Aug 1, 1914) Germany declares war on France. (Aug. 3, 1914) GB declares war on Germany. (Aug, 1914) Austria declares war on Russia. (Aug 6, 1914) Japan declares war on Germany. (Aug 23, 1914) U.S. declares war on Germany, Austria-Hungary. (April 6, 7, 1917)
Major Alliances of WWI- Central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The Allies consisted of GB, France, Italy, Russia, Japan, and other commonwealth countries. US joined. KNOW 4 COUNTRIES FROM EACH ALLIANCE.
War Plans-Megan
Schlieffen Plan (KNOW)- France was in war with Germany and they didn't want to go right into France, so Germany invaded Belgium using this plan. Surprise attack on France within 6 weeks, but it failed. France had trenches. Germany could focus on Russia then, but plan failed. Frances plan 17- Germany and France fought in 1871 Germany won. got Alsace Lorraine. France wanted it back because resources, so they invaded Alsace Lorraine through the south. Moved North farther into Germany, they carried it out, but it didn't really work. Austria-Hungary: Plans B and R- Plan B: stands for Balkans, six armies on field, three to invade Serbia, three more guarding the Russian border. Plan R: 4 armies deployed to Russia and 2 to Serbia. Greater amount of troops guard Russia. Russia: Plans G, A and 19- Plan G let Germany invade far into Russia. When weak push them back. Plan A Plan 19: are the same thing, less dramatic, just invade Germany. Great Britain- didn't desire war, no plan, they decided to go be the aid to "Brave Little Belgium", planned on taking 3 weeks to be transported. No plans worked good.
- Austro-German-Bulgarian Invasion of Serbia-Zach
Austro-Bulgarians invaded Serbia (July 1914- November 1918) Started by Archduke Ferdinand getting assassinated. Austria sent a set of 10 demands, and attacked when Serbia only accepted 8. Serbia lost 320,000 troops by the end, went from 420,000 to 100,000. Serbian civilians were being killed by Austro-Bulgaria and wells in Serbia were poisoned.
- Trench Warfare- Mr. Bruns
Dug trenches as Germans were attacking them with, French figured out what Germany was going to do because it took Germans so long to get through Belgium.
Trenches were safe in WWI, they were used for defensive strategy.
Types of Trenches- Front line, support, reserve, "No Man's Land", Most trenches dug by France preparing for German invasion.
America Questions Neutrality-Sara
Didn't concern us, "Impartial in thought as well as in action," Wilson. Didn't join til 1917. Wilson slogan for running again was "Kept us out of war," immigrants made it hard to stay out of war.
Sinking of the Lusitania-Austin
Germany used submarines to attack the ships, was able to go unspotted at beginning of war because ships didn't have the technology to detect subs, Germany focused on U-boats because they faced GB and decided to fight them underwater.
RMS Lusitania, British ocean liner that transported people and goods, painted gray so ships couldn't see it. Had declared an unrestricted war on GB, any boat, civilian, etc. was target to the Germans, Germans also thought there might of been weapons on the boat.
CASUALTIES, 1,198 Total casualties, 761 survivors, 128 Americans died of 139 on board. Started the US thinking about going to war. Schweiger (German leader at the time) was condemned as a war criminal, propaganda was started to get people to go to war. Germany thought it was right because they thought there were weapons on board, Germans thought it was a success.
Causes of US joining war-Evan NEXT QUIZ STARTS HERE
AT start US was neutral, people liked it, GB was best trading partner of US it would help us join because US was economically tied to GB, GB was fighting Germany. Germany didn't like US trading with GB so they started sinking ships. Zimmermann note- British got telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann. Said to Mexico that if they helped Germany win the war, they would give Mexico part of the US. American businesses- Nye Committee- big businesses and banks pushed US into war to make money off of it. British and American propaganda helped sway public opinions toward the war.
- US Mobilizing for the War-Colin D.
Joined war on April 6, 1917, mobilized put an army on the ships to send them to France. An army of 107,641, added five dreadnoughts- battleships to the Allied navy. Didn't fight any battles until 1918. Preparedness Movement- led by Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt, it was designed to strengthen our army, in 1915 US argued that we needed a stronger army and navy.
Propaganda-Will/Marcus
designed to sway opinions
- Weapons-Shea
Rifles- used by soldiers, 15 rounds/min. Machine Guns- needed 4 to 6 men working it, needed flat surface, had fire power of 100 guns. Germans used Zeppelin (blimps)- used in bombing raids, too easy to shoot out of sky. Tanks- needed 3 men, traveled at 3 mph, couldn't cross trenches. Planes- used to deliver supplies and for spy work (scout ahead), later were used in fighting with machine guns, and bombs. Torpedoes- were used by submarines. Flamethrowers- Germany in early part. At beginning of war Germans had 70,000 hand grenades and 106,000 rifle grenades ready.
- Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary, ignores treaty agreements. Major battles before US - Rob
Battles fought on western front. Battle of Somme- lasted 4 months, British lost over 420,000 men, french lost 200,000, and Germans lost 500,000. Was one of the deadliest battles in WW1. Battle of Verdun- longest battle of WW1. Battle of Ypres- German troops fought British troops, on top of a mountain. 0 deaths for the British, 1500 deaths, and 600 POWs for the Germans. The Christmas Treaty- went from 12:01 Christmas morning to 12:01 December 26th.
Major Battles-Kat
After US joined. Battle of Passchendaele or Ypres- July, 31st-November, 6th 1917. Fought by British and allies, against German. (at Belgium)
Battle of Caporetto- (ocotber 24th to november 12th 1917) Austria Hungary, German vs Italy . Austria hungary won
Hundred Days Offensive- Aug 8th to november 11th 1918(Lasted 100 days) (offensive that ended the war) allies vs german, A-H 1,855,369 casualties
Battle of Cantigny- May 28th 1918, US and France vs Germany, US and France won. (First major US offensive)
Muese-Argonne Offensive- sept 26 to nov 11, 1918. US and France vs German. allied victory (part of 100 day offensive)
Gas Usage-Coner
Gas- mostly used to kill, injure, demoralize (scare people). Only killed 4% people in WWI. Couldn't see it, effect diminished, Hitler fought for Germany and was affected by tear gas and was blinded. Gas masks helped a lot, it couldn't really help against mustard gas. Types of Gas: Tear Gas- was a tear inducing irritant. Mustard Gas- it is vesicant, would remain in soil. Phosgene- Skin irritant. Clhorine- couldn't breath after prolonged exposure. Gas Deployment- gas cylinders, artillery shells, gas mortar.
Russian Government Overthrown by Bolsheviks-Josh
October Revolution- Russia Leaves WWI- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- Ended Russian Participation. Signed March 3rd, 1918 by Russian and Central Powers. Russia lost- Baltic States- Germany, Ukrainian Independence, 6 billion German gold mark in reparations. Established Soviet Russia, led by Bolsheviks
Causes- social, economic, and political crisis. Industrial production down, mass enterprise shutdown, peasant uprisings against landowners.
Led to Russian Civil War (1917-1922)
Homefront-Zach/Jake
Homefront- things people do back home to help win the war
Food Rations- due to German U-boats (mostly GB)
Women in factories- taking on the roles of men
Propaganda posters
Civilians are targeted the first time in war by german bombing runs and air raids
African Americans were able to get jobs and serve a part of ht ewar by working in factories and enlisting
DORA (defense of realm act)
The country went under the dora act ot ensure that the country wouldn’t suffer from food and fuel shortages
Victory Gardens and War Bonds
Sedition Act- imprisoned anyone who used abusive language when talking about US govt. Repealed in 1920.
War Industries Board- regulated industry in US during WWI (encourages mass production)
Food Administration- urged people to conserve food
Committee on Public Information- (made propaganda) goal was to influence US public opinion to support WWI in their own way
National War Labor Board- settles disputes between workers, discouraged strikes, "work or fight".
November 1918- Germany signs armistice-Caleb
German Revolution- night of oct 29-30 1918. By Nov 9 germany proclaimed new republic.
Armistice signed- nov 11, 1918 took effect at 11 am Paris time, known as the Armistice of Compiegn because it was signed their. It was signed in a train car, it required complete demilitarization, withdrawal of German troops to behind Germany's borders, exchange of prisoners. Changed to veterans day after WWII
President Wilson’s 14 points speech/four principles-Cade
1.) public meetings rather than secret agreements 2.) freedom of the seas 3.) free trade 4.) reduce the military forces and weapons 5.) readjust the colonies fairly 6.) the allowance of Russia to self-demonstrate its own government 7.) respect for Belgium's integrity 8.) restoration of French territory 9.) Italy receives territory based upon ethnicity 10.) Austria-Hungary receives fair development opportunities (let them decide their future) 11.) independence for the Balkan states 12.) self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and free passage through the Dardanelles (let countries decide their government) 13.) independence for Poland 14.) the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee independence for all countries, big and small self determination
reaction-Not enough punishment for Germany, influenced armistice, Wilson won nobel peace prize in 1920
conclusion (treaty)- german military limitations, concerns of peace, treaty of versailles had more punishment than the 14 points.
End of war/Treaty of Versailles-Nick H.
treaty that officially ended WWI (1919), Versailles is by Paris. (Series of Treaties) Italy, GB, France, US were there.
Territorial-land Germany lost to-
France
Belgium
Denmark
Poland
Czechoslovakia
League of nation took control of Germany's overseas colonies
Germany's military was drastically reduced, no tanks, no air force, limited number of ships, no submarines.
Financial- had to pay 33 billion dollars, land lost had resources and factories which was losing potential income
War Guilt Clause- Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war
A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
Warren G Harding- "A Return to Normalcy" meaning we want to focus on the US and stay out of Europe.
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