Architecture of the Golden Age of Athenians:
key buildings: the acropolis was the main group of buildings in Athens that looked over the city, it is a sacred area that is one of the most recognizable monuments in the world, it took nine years to build and was completed in 438BC, it cost 3 billion dollars in today's money. The Parthenon and other building on the acropolis were all built between 460 and 430BC under the leadership of Pericles, it was used for political and cultural achievements, it cost over 3 billion dollars in today's money, built between 447BC and 432BC, it was one of the biggest construction projects of the ancient world. The porch of Caryatids has six columns holding up the roof which are all female figures each sculptured differently and engineered so that their slender necks could take the weight of the roof and still look real and elegant, started building in 421BC and completed in 406BC, cost 130 million dollars to build.
Greek Art: the most divine, and complex sculptures of this time are the sculptures of the Athenian acropolis, the earliest of these are the Parthenon sculptures, it soon became a church.
Purpose of buildings: they were built to show cultural and political achievements of Athens, other were used to honor gods and goddesses such at Athena, the goddesses Nike also had building to worship, some building were used for political gatherings, Athens had walls that would surround the cit for protection and defense, building were used for many reasons such as worship, buy and sell, drama, education, and law making.
The Parthenon: famous building to worship the great goddess Athena, a temple to honor and praise, celebrate the ending of the Athens war with Persia.
The Agora: towns people would come here to buy and sell goods with each other, marketplace, food like lettuce onions olive oil and wine, house items like furniture.
The Theater of Dionysus, was meant for dramatic plays, social life, many big events, pure comedy, actor or watch.
Gymnasium: children would go to get educated, 6 or7 left homes to go to the school, boys and girls were separate, parents had to pay for schooling, it was big and all kids went
Pnyx: Athenians would go to this building to gather around and decide on the laws and rules of the town.
Key Players: Pericles' plan for Athens was to get the greatest Greece architects to build thing like the Parthenon
Socrates: lived from 470 to 399BC, son of a sculptor, served in the Athenian army during the clash with sparta, he was short and stout, attracted to a young boy.
Plato: lived from 437 to 347BC, Socrates prized student in philosophy, Aristotle was his real name, pirates captured him and his friends tried to buy him back.
Aristotle: 384 to 322BC, born in stagirea, was a teacher of thirteen year old Alexander for four years, in 334 he went to Athens and established his school of philosophy, was a scientist and philosopher.
Military and Delian League:
Tactics: phalanx, used in the battle of marathon around 500 BC, one major downside is use against cavalry, horses could quickly ride around them and attack the weak side, used mountains and natural habitat to protect the weak side. Naval warfare, used during the Peloponnnesian war, shipped grain and food into city, used ships called trireme, fought by ramming and boarding enemy ships, major naval force.
Key Players: Pericles, politician, democrat, general, Athenian, ruled from 461 to 429BC, led victories in Peloponnesian and Persian wars. Socrates, philosopher, Athenian, scrutinized Athens, praised Sparta, not well like for that reason. Plato, student of Socrates wrote the dialogues that contain most o Socrates ideas. Aristotle, student of Plato teacher to Alexander the great later in life. Archimedes, well known mathematician, first to calculate Pi, Pythagoras, developed the Pythagorean theorem a2 + b2 = c2.
Delian League: coalition of Greek states and Athenians, founded in 478BC, under the control of Athens, hq was in delos.
Goals: free lonian greeds from Persia, protect Aegean sea, use sea power, Athens was the leader, Persia was run out of Aegean sea.
Battles: Persian war, major battles marathon, Thermopylae, and salamis. Marathon: 25000 Persians met ten thousand Athenians, Persian fled after hours , around six thousand Persians died while. Thermopylae, seven thou Greeks and three hundred Spartans, stood up to the Persians for a long time, Persians found way around mountain, Spartans let Greeks flee and stayed to fight. Salamis: Greeks abandoned Athens, fought with their naval forces destroyed most of Persian fleet, formed the deleans league to protect Greece. Peloponnesian war started in 431 and went until 404BC. Battle of Pylos Athenian naval forces er our attacking zacynthisu, 425BC, Spartan troops decided to attack walled city called Pylos, over two thou spartan troops, tried attacking sea wall, Spartans failed to capture pylos before the Athenian naval fleet could return, tried blocking harbor but Athenian naval forces destroyed them.
Weapons: swords, iron knives compared to bronze knives, arrowheads, sling bullets made of steel and clay, shield were bronze, archery, spears
Participated in the Army: had to meet certain requirements, male, 18 or older, own land, have the mandatory 2 years of training, this system is much different than the old ways, which were rich, had to buy your weapons, poor man could not afford to fight in the war, resulted in rather small army sizes, soldiers: 18 to 60 years, physically fit, men, most heavily armored infantry called hoplites, young ephebes "adolescent males" trained for 2 years in barracks went home until time for soldiers, hoplite attendants light armored men usually poor citizens trusted slaves, most wealthy citizens that could raise their own horse part of calty, Scythian, peltasts: small force took 20 to 24 years, crisis would summon everyone, hoplite attendants carried shields and other supplies, peltasts were lightly armored and had javelins and small shield
Geography: sea- borders the Aegean sea, lonean and east Mediterranean sea, thought the sea was beautiful element, gained many things freedom and environment, shipping people traveled where they could always see land
land- longest river is the aliakmon, riverbeds tend to dry up, grew barley growing was less demanding and more productive, olive plantations, grapes popular because of rocky soil, houses and wagons made of wood
, goats and sheep were the most common animals, provided fur, milk, and meat, chicken and geese were grown and eaten, oxen were on the land but very rare, donkey and mules used for traveling and called dry animals
climate-mild, rainy winters, relatively warm and dry summers, lots of sunshine all year, mountains adjust the climate changes, winters in the mountains can be rigorous and snowy
trade and colonization-important role as outposts of greek culture, bronze, silver and gold vessels, olive oil, wine, and textiles, luxury items and exotic raw materials, used the Mediterranean basin enabled foreigners to travel to and from greece
Farming-little soil and farmland, twenty percent of land, barley, grapes, and olives, grapes bronze age, grow will in rocky soil, main crop was barley, small villages set up by northern people, 5.6 acres average.
Diet-cereals, barley, durum wheat, millet, common wheat, home to olive trees made olive oil, 20 years to fruit, did it every other year, larger by veggie gardens and orchards.
Mining-Lavrion mines, means narrow passage or tunnel, silver production was so high, decline of the mines am during the peloponnesian war, 30 year civil war between Athens and Sparta
Resources-iron, bronze, flax, clay, timber, grain, wheat and barley, animals, hare, boar, deer, leather, wool
land affected battles, battle of Thermopylae narrow pass, Salamis on salamis island, saranic gulf.
Jobs-farmers, blacksmiths, craftsman, doctors/medicine, merchants/traders, bankers,
People:
Aristotle- philosopher means best purpose, very important founding person in western philosophy, wrote about poetry theater physics music logic politics government , born in 384 BC died in 322 BC around 60, nicomachus his father was a personal physician to the kind of macedon, first trained in medicine, at 18 he went to platos academy in Athens to continue his education, studied philosophy with plato while there, stayed there for 20 years, traveled to asia with his friend hermias of atarneus to study biology, traveled to the island lesbos, to research the islands botany and zoology, Aristotle was brought up and then trained and educated to be a member of the government aristocracy, called the grandad of the scientific method, relied on reason rather than experiment, famous philosopher, taught by plato, taught alex the great, wrote about philosophies, major contribution was overall study and teaching of subjects, areas were physics and astronomy, Lyceum was a new school he established
Plato- born in 428 BC into distinguished family, original name aristocles meaning best and renowned coach called him platos as in broad shouldered and "flat", outstanding as a youth in sports music and academics, studied music and poetry at the gymnasium owned by donysios, during war with sparta he won an award for bravery, student of socrates at age twenty in 407BC adopted style to philosophy and debate, believed that justice is the most important virtue, developed foundations of metaphysics and epistemology, died in 347BC, either died in his bed with girl playing flute, at a wedding feast, or in his sleep, taught by socrates and taught aristotle, thought most people were stupid, had writing s about government, contributions in math, science, and philosophy, founded a school of learning called academy around 387BC, plato's and aristotle's schools were rivals, idea before physical aspect, best and brightest should rule government
Socrates- classical greek athenian philosopher, one of the founders of western philosophy known for his contribution to ethics, born and spent all life in Athens 469-399 BC, father was Sophroniscus mother was Phaenarete, a midwife, attended school of athens, military at 18 hoplite soldier in Peloponnesian war, son of a stone mason, completed two works of sculpture, spent time in market, and gymnasium where converse with men of intellect, people were charmed by his wit humor and kindly disposition, wife named Xanthippe, served council of 500, accused of athiest, and corrupting youth of athens, accepted death penalty, drank hemlock and died, best known for endless questioning, didn't lecture, obsessed with finding truth, used irony, taught plato, committed suicide by force, fought in Peloponnesian war, didn't charge for schooling, most know for devotion to ethics, method of reasoning, knowledge plus happiness, rationalism, Scientific method, irony, definition, analysis, generalization, Philosophies, proper study of philosophy is man, natural ethic, knowledge and wisdom, self knowledge, politics, Teaching, problem/question, student responds with answer, reason with consequences, don't tell the answer, let them find the answer for themselves
Religion:
Polytheism-many gods, gods were immortal, not all powerful, had human traits and emotions, believed in underworld were spirits went, life after death, constisted of mythology, believed the gods provided everything they needed
Prayer- ceremonies and rituals performed, sacrificed domestic animals, formed a bond between humands and gods, wanted to please gods
Zues- child of cronus and thea, overthrew his father, king of the gods, god of sky and weather, law and order, married sister hera, fathered many gods, symbols thunderbold, eagle
Poseidon- swallowed by cronus then saved, god of the sea and horses, maried to amphitrite, father of theseus, often changed into the shape of a horse
Hades- oldes male of cronus and thea, god of the underworld and precious meta, obtained his wife persephone throught trickery, has a helmet that makes him invisible
Hera- queen of all gods, protected women and marriage, name means lady, amazon protecter, married brother zeus
Athena- born out of zeus's head, daughter of zeus, god of war, god of wisdom and justice, god of the city and agriculture
Apollo- son of zeus, twin artemis, god of music light healing and truth, drove sun across sky, never married and had children
Artemis- daughter of zeus and leto, virgin god of the hunt, arrow could bring sudden death
Ares- long affair with aphridite had 4 sons and 1 daughter, son of zues and hera, god of war, and manly behavior
Aphrodite- god of love beauty and fertility, protecer of sailors, bron from the sea foam, most beautiful women in the world
Myths- cronos destined to be taken over by a son, zeus escaped and freed his siblings he improsoned, zeus married metis but athority made him arrogant, athena born from his head.
Medusa- she flaunted her beauty because she was almost as beautiful as athena, made athena angry and turned her hair into snakes, made everyone she looked at turn to stone
Religions Similar- roman, jupiter- zeus neptune- posidon hades- pluto aphrodite- venus hera- juno ares- mars
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