Tuesday, Sept. 18

We continued presenting and then took notes about Macedonia.

Do you think that Alexander should have punished the people of Thebes so harshly? Why or why not.

I think that he could have found a better way to punish them instead of killing that many. I think that he just wanted to show off his power and authority. He got a little carried away and wanted to make sure that people knew he was in control and no one could challenge him. 6,000 is a lot of people to kill just because the rebelled. I think that he over reacted.

Architecture of the Golden Age of the Athenians

Key Buildings-
Acropolis- main group of buildings in Athens that looked over the city.
Sacred area that’s one of the most recognizable monuments in the world.

Acropolis-
9 years to build, completed in 438 B.C., cost 3 billion in today’s money.

The Paratheon and other buildings on acropolis were all built between 460 and 430 B.C. under leadership of Pericles.
Used for political and cultural achievements.

Paratheon-
Over 3 billion in today’s money, built between 447 B.C. and 432 B.C.
One of biggest construction projects of the ancient world.

The Porch of Caryatids-
6 columns holding up roof.
All female figures were each sculpted differently and engineered so that their slender necks could take the weight of the roof and still look real and elegant.
Started 421 B.C. completed 406 B.C.
Cost 130 million.

Greek Art-
Most divine, complex structures of this time and the structures of the Athenian Acropolis.
Earliest of these are the Paratheon sculptures in time soon became a church.
Built between 442 and 432 B.C.

Purpose-
Buildings were built to show cultural and political achievements of Athens
Others were used to honor gods and goddess- Athena.
Goddess Nike also had buildings.
Some buildings were used for political gatherings.

Athens had walls that would surround the city protecting and defense.
Used for many reasons- praise/worship, buy/sell items, drama, education, law making.

The Paratheon-
Famous buildings to worship goddess- Athena.
Temple to honor and praise.
Celebrate ending of Athens’ war with Persia.

The Agora-
Town’s people come to buy/sell goods.
Market place, food and household items.

Theater of Dionysus-
Meant for dramatic plays.
Social life- many big events, pure comedy.
Either you were an actor or you watched.

Gymnasium-
Children would go to get education.
6 or 7 homes go to school.
Boys/girls separate.
Parents had to pay for private school.
Big, all kids went.

Pnyx-
Athenians go to building to gather around and decide on laws and rules of town.

Key Players-
Pericles’s plan for Athens was to get the greatest Greek architects to build things like Paratheon.

Socrates-

Lived 470-399 B.C.
Son of a sculpture.
Served in army during Spartan clash.
Short and stout- not handsome.
Attracted to a young boy soldier.

Plato-
437-347 B.C.
Prized student in philosophy.
Pirates captured him.
Plato made a school in 386 B.C. on property friends bought him.

Aristotle-
384-322 B.C.
Born- Stagira- small Greek colony.
Scientist and philosopher, loved nature.

Military and Delian League

Tactics-
Phalanx-
Used in battle of marathon around 500 B.C.
Major downside- used against cavalry.
Horses in cavalry could ride around and attack weak side.
Athenians used mountains and natural habitat to protect weak side.

Naval warfare-
Used in Peloponnesian war.
Shipped grain and food into city.
Used ships called trireme.
Fought by ramming and boarding enemy ships.
Major naval force.

Pericles-

Politician- democrat.
General, Athenian.
Ruled Athens from 461-429 B.C.
Led victories in Peloponnesian and Persian wars.

Socrates-
Philosopher, Athenian.
Scrutinized Athens, praised Sparta.
Not well liked for that reason.

Plato-
Student of Socrates.
Write dialogues that contain most of Socrates ideas.

Aristotle-
Student of Plato.
Teacher of Alexander the Great later in life.

Archimedes-
Well known mathematician.
First to calculate pi.

Pythagoras-
Developed Pythagorean Theorem.

Delian League-
Coalition of Greek States and Athenians.
Founded in 478 B.C.
Under control of Athens.
Headquarters in Delos.

What did it do?
Goals- free Ionian Greeks from Persia and protect Aegean Sea.
Use sea power.
Athens was the leader.
Persia was run out of the Aegean Sea.

Famous Battles-
Persian War.
Major battles- Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis.

Marathon-
25,000 Persians met 10,000 Athenians.
Persians fled.
6,000 Persians died very few Athenians died.

Thermopylae-
7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans.
Stood up to Persians for a long time.
Persians found a way around the mountain.
Spartans let Greeks flee and stayed to fight.
All 300 died.

Salamis-
Greeks abandon Athens.
Fought with naval forces.
Destroyed most of Persian fleet.
Formed Delian League to protect Greece.

Peloponnesian War-
431-404 B.C.
Battle of Pylos.
425 B.C.
Athenian naval forces were attacking Zacynthus.
Spartan troops decided to attack walled city called Pylos.

Pylos-
Over 2,000 Spartan troops.
Tried attacking sea side wall.
Spartans failed to capture Pylos before Athenian naval fleet could return.
Tried blocking harbor.

Weapons and Armor-
Swords, iron knives- not bronze, arrowheads, sling bullets- steel and clay, shield- bronze, archery, spears.

Who participated in the army?
Had to meet certain requirements.
Male, 18 or older, own land, have the mandatory 2 years military training.
This system is much different than the old ways.
Old ways-
Rich, had to buy your weapons, poor man could not afford to ight in the war, resulted in rather small army sizes.

Different kinds of soldiers-
From 18-60 all physically fit men went to military.
Most of the soldiers were the heavily armored infantry called hoplites.
Young ephebes- adolescent males trained for 2 years in barracks then went home until there was a time for more soldiers.
Hoplite attendants-
Light armors men usually poor citizens or trusted slaves.
Most of the other wealthier citizens that could raise their own horse were part of the cavalry corps.
Scythian police

If they only needed a small force they would take the people from 20-24 years old.
If crisis, they would summon everyone even elderly.
The hoplite attendants carried the hoplite’s shield and other supplies of theirs until they fought.
The peltast were lightly armored.

Geography-

Sea-
Greece borders the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, the East Mediterranean Sea.
Thought the sea was a beautiful element,
Gained many things- a freedom, environment.
Shipping people traveled where they could always see land.

Land-
Longest river in Greece- Aliakmon.
Riverbeds tend to dry up.
Grew barley- growing of barley was less demanding and more productive.
Olive plantations.
Grapes were very popular in Greece because of rock y soil.
Houses on the land were made of wood as well as wagons.
Goats and sheep were the most common animals in Greece.
Provided fur, milk, and meat.
Chicken and geese were raised and eaten.
Oxen were on the land but rare.
Donkeys and mules used for traveling.

Climate-
Mild rainy winters.
Relatively warm and dry summers.
Lots of sunshine all through the year.
Mountains adjust to the climate changes,
Winters in the mountains can be rigorous and snowy.

Ancient Greek trade and colonization.
Important role as the furthest outpost of Greek culture.
Bronze, silver and gold vessels, olive oil, sine, textiles.
Luxury items and exotic raw materials.

Farming-
Little soil and farmland.
20% of land.
Grain crops were planted in Oct. and harvested in April or May.
Main crop- barley.

Ancient Greek Agriculture-
Diet based on cereals.
Home to many Olive trees- oil, fruit.
Augmented by vegetable gardens and orchards.

Farming-
Small farming villages were set up by people who came from the North.
Average holding size was 5.6.

Mining-
Silver production was high.
Decline of mines came during the Peloponnesian War- 30 year civil war between Athens and Sparta.

Natural Resources-
Iron, bronze, flax, clay, timber, grain-wheat and barley, animals-hare boar, leather, wool.

How land affected battles-
Thermopylae-
Narrow coastal pass.
Not near sea.
Phalanx in between the pass.

Salamis-
Took place on Salamis Island.
Located in Saranac Gulf.
Greeks fought with ships.
366 guarded.
Greeks held off well with the help of the gulf.

Peloponnesian War-
Southern Europe.
Bordering Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and Mediterranean.
Sea helped both.

Different jobs-
Farmers-
Grew enough to support their families.
Sometimes grew a small surplus to sell at local market.

Greek Blacksmiths-
Used iron ore to create swords, plow, axes, and other tools.
Used billows made of animal skin to low air into their fires to produce heat needed to work with the metal.

Craftsman-
Most shops in Greece were family owned and small.
Specialize in their work depending on the size of the city where they worked.
Beds, plows, door frames.

Doctors-
Field of medicine combined science and religious beliefs.
Medicine during this time was limited in its ability to cure diseases.
Induced vomiting and sweating to get 4 humors back.

Merchants-
Traders in Greece.
Owned boats or rented cargo space on their boats,
Known as metrics, often foreigners, many risks.
Good profit possibilities.

Bankers-
Changed money from other city states into local currency.
Often loaned money for trading voyages.

Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates

Aristotle-
Greek philosopher- name means best purpose.
Very important founding person in Western philosophy.
Wrote about physics, poetry, theatre, music, logics, politics, government, ethics.
Born- 384 B.C. North Greece
Died- 322 B.C.
Married Pythias- adopted daughter of Hermias.
First trained in medicine.
18 went to Plato’s academy in Athens.
Studied philosophy with Plato.
Traveled to Asia with Hermias to study biology.
Traveled to Lesbos to research island’s plants and zoology.
Wrote about philosophies.
Taught Alexander the Great.
Advanced- physics and astronomy.

Plato
Born- 428 B.C.
Original Aristocles, wrestling coach called him Platon
2 brothers, 1 sister.
Father died when young, mom remarried.
Outstanding in sports, music, academics.
During war with Sparta won the Athenian prize for bravery.
Studied music at the gym.
Student of Socrates in 407
Believed that justice is the most important virtue.
Developed foundations of metaphysics and epistemology by studying doctrines of Cratylus
Died- 347 B.C. - either died in bed while a girl played the flute or at a wedding feast.
Thought most people were stupid.
Taught Aristotle.
Wrote The Republic.
Contributions in philosophy, math, and science.
Believed the best and brightest should rule government.
Thought all people should be educated.

Socrates-
Classical Greek philosopher.
Known for contributions to ethics.
Born in Athens 469-399 B.C.
Military at age 18 hoplite soldier in Peloponnesian War against Sparta.
Completed 2 works of sculpture.
People were charmed by his wit and his kindly disposition.
Served on legislative council of 500.
Accused of atheist and corrupting the youth of Athens, accepted the death penalty, but drank poison and died.
Obsessed over the truth and how to find it.
Committed suicide by force.
Known for devotion to ethics, method of reasoning, linking knowledge with happiness, rationalism- find truth through reasoning.
Teaching method- Problem/Question.

Socratic Method-
Scientific method.
Pretended to know nothing to get answers.
Definition, analysis.

Athenian Government-

Changed from tyranny to a democracy-
Tyranny- Autocratic rules who governed by decree.
Athens created the 1^st democracy.
Direct Democracy- people voted for other people to make own decisions.
Only citizens were allowed to participate.
Men were considered citizens.
Women, slaves, and foreigners were not citizens
If child’s parents were not citizens the child was not considered a citizen.

Branches-
Assembly-
Any man could attend.
40 times a year on hillside.
Made decisions about war and wrote and revised laws.
Majority rules.

Council-
Supervised gov. workers.
In charge of navy ships and army horses.

Courts-
Most powerful.
500 jurors were chosen every day to serve.
Had to be males over the age of 30.

People could speak their minds.
All citizens could participate.
Peacefully settled disputes.
Age restrictions.
Paid for service.
Included rich and poor.

Many critics
Only some men could vote.
No women’s rights
Limited citizenship.
Slavery.
Money and power still had advantages.

Key Players-
Perciles-
Leader for 30 years.

Solon-
Introduced many new gov. reforms.

Cleithenes-
“Father of democracy”.

Elections-
Didn’t have elections for council.
500 names were drawn from all people of Athens.
50 from each of 10 Athenian tribes.
Those 500 people had to serve as the lawmakers for one year.
After year 500 more were chosen.

Macedonia-

Geography-
North of Athens.
Had a rough terrain and a cold climate.
People lived mostly in mountain villages instead of the city-states like Athens had.

Most of the Macedonians nobles referred to themselves as Greeks.
Once again the Geek thought that the Macedonians were barbaric and not as civilized as the Greeks.
Greeks treated Spartans like this.

Changes-
After Peloponnesian War several Greek city-states were very weak- economically and militaristically.
When there is weakness or a struggle there is usually a predator or someone else to take advantage of the opportunity. In this case it was Macedonia.
Peloponnesian War- Delian League vs. Sparta.

Leadership-

Philip II was the king of Macedonia around 306 B.C.
Only 23 when he became king.
Brilliant general.
Was able to train peasants into warriors.
His dream was to take over Greece and avenge the Persian Invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.
Invade Persia.

Philip’s tactics-
Organized his army into phalanxes of 16 men across the 16 men deep.
All 256 men had to work together for this formation to work correctly.
After the phalanx had broken through the enemy’s line, he would then send in cavalry to crush the disorganized or retreating opponents.

Conquest for Greece-
An Athenian orator named Demosthenes tried to warn the Greek of the threat of Phillip and told them to prepare and army.
However, the city-states of Greece couldn’t come up with united response.
Finally Athens and Thebes decided to standup to Phillip but it was too late.
Greek independence was lost to King Phillip of Macedonia.

New leader-
Next Phillip wanted to invade Persia.
However, he was never able to do this.
At his daughter’s wedding he was stabbed to death by one of his former guardsmen.
His son immediately proclaimed himself the King of Macedonia.
His name was Alexander later known as Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great-
Taught by Aristotle.
Spread Hellenistic.
Very intellectual kept a copy of the Iliad under his pillow to remind him of the heroic Achilles in the Trojan War.
Alex wanted to show his power early and when the people of Thebes rebelled he destroyed their city and took 6,000 lives.

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Tuesday, Sept. 18

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