-Describe Native American culture.
*Missouri River tribes: Osage, Iowa, Sioux, Cheyenne
*hunters and gatherers
*horses were given to tribes in New Mexico in 1598
*Live with extended family
*young men would train to be hunters and warriors
*young women butchered game and prepared hides
*children were taught through storytelling and example setting
*tribe was never controlled by a single person
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
*thought native americans had no right to the land
*were looking for gold, silvier, and other riches
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
*reservation systems were their policies, we pushed them into certain areas
-Describe a cowboy's life.
*texas long horns, short tempered, thunderstorms, 25% african american and 12% mexican, 10-15 hour days on ranch and 14 or more on the trail, they needed long drives cause they needed railroads.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
*only 10% of land was actually settled by families
*1862-1900, 600,000 families took the chance
*offered 160 acres of land FREE to any citizen who was head of household
*1862 congress passed the Homestead Act
*Thousands were exodusters, african americans who moved for the Reconstruction South to Kansas
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
*droughts and lack of water
*floods
*fires
*blizzards
*insects
*native american or outlaw raids
*crop growing
*since they were alone, women would work besides there husbands
*trees were scarce
*dugouts, sod homes, soddies
*freestanding homes of praire dust
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
*machinery was expensive so farmers had to borrow money
*railroads started charging farmers to use the railroads
*land was scarce
*prices for crops were falling
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
*machinery was expensive so farmers had to borrow money
*railroads started charging farmers to use the railroads
*land was scarce
*prices for crops were falling
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
*populism is the movementof people
*demanded reforms to lift debt of farmers/other workers + a greater voice in government
WANTED:
*incease in money
*graduated income tax
*federal loan program
*single terms for presidents
*secret terms for presidents
*secret ballot
*8 hour workday
*restriction on immigration
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
*There was a wealth of natural resources, government support for business, a growing urban population which supplied cheap labor and markets for new products
*Laissez-Fairre (government gunna let business do as they please)
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
*Internal combustion engine, dynamite, typewriter, electric motor, telephone, phonograph, light bulb, radio, motion pictures, and x-ray, made everything easier.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
*It was easier to get to the west
*Brought available land
*A new start
*It helped develop the country we have today
*Death occured
*Railroad workers died from many things
*Deaths from Indians, disease, and accidents were the most major things
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
*Most people that were upset were farmers
*Farmers were upset becauseof the misuse of the land grant
*Railroad landwas supposed to be given to farmers but instead railroad companies would give it to other railroad companies
*Railroad companies would also enter in formal agreements for fixed prices with kept farmer in dept
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
*The grangers were a group of people, usually poor people or farmers and they formed group that fought back against railroads
*Granger laws were set up in response to the abuses by the railroads
*The government also fought against railroads by making laws
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
* Born in Dunfermline Scotland
*Moved to USA in 1846, he was 12
*By 18 he had a job as a personal secretary: Superintendent of Penn. Railroad
*Sinlge handedly untangled a snare of passenger and freight trains
*Led to his first stock, given to him by Thomas Scott
*Entered the steel industry in 1873
*Opened his first steel mill in 1875
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
*Born July 8th, 1839, Richford, NY
*Raised money growing up by raising turkeys and doing household chores
*By 16 he had his first real job, as an assistant book keeper as a library
*Already showed early signs of being a major player in business
* "I cheat my boys" -Dad
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
*Process of natural selection applied to business
*Herbert Spencer was the first man to apply the process to the business
*He used it to explain how human society was evolving
*Eventually people started using it to justify the Doctrine of Laissez Faire
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
*vertical-buying your own products to control trasportation and raw materials.
*horizontal-combining with companies making simmilar products(microsoft combined with apple).
*trusts-synonym for monopolies. These strategies became key in the success of another business man.
-How did the government try to regulate business?
*Sherman Anti-Trust Act
*The Doctrine of Laissez Faire
*The Doctrine stated: The marketplace couldn't be regulated because it was controlled by the natural law
*This is supported by many people including William G. Sumner, a professor at Vale
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
*A group of workers joining together for a certain cause
*Blacks, whites, men, women, children, all where involved
*To get better working conditions was there goal, fewer hours, and better pay
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
*Labor Unions did not succeed at first because nobody took them seriously
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
*To earn money and (when they earned enough money) they would return to their homeland, left because of the rising populations, (the push and pull factors)
Where did immigrants come from?
*Italy
*Japan
*Mexico
*Cuba
*Jamacia
*Puerto Rico
*Russia
*China
*Practically everywhere in the world
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
*They traveled by steamboats
*They traveled in very small areas
*On angel island they had to wait in filthy buildings and go through harsh questioning
*Had to find a place to live and work
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
*Felt that the innigrants were taking jobs away from americans because they would accept less pay, racisim
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
*More immigrants started coming to the cities
*Farmers came looking for jobs
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?
*Housing
*Transportation
*Sanitation
*Water
*Crime
*Fire
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
*Social Gospel Movement
*Jane Addams organization
*Police Force
*Fire Department
*Water Systems
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
*The gilded age- to be covered with gold, on the outside things looked great
*Military got better, new inventions
*Inside things were horrible and had to get fixed
*Farmers were in debt, cities were a mess
*Political machine was an organized group that controlled the activites of a political party and also offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financil support
*Organized like a pyramid
*At the base were local workers and captains who gained voters support
*Ward bosses helped the poor to gain their vote
*At teh top was the City Boss who controlled the activities for the political party
*Political Boss was the head of the political machine
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
*William M Tweed or "Boss Tweed" became the head of Tammy Hall New Yorks powerful Democratic political machine in 1868
*Tweed Ring was a corrupt group of polititians
*When the construction of the New York County Courthouse cost the taxpayers 13 million, while the actual construction cost was 3 million, the difference went to Tweed and his followers
*Tweed was accused of 120 counts of fraud and extortion and as sentenced to 12 years in jail later reduced to 1 year
*After he lefthe was arrested for another charge and escaped during his second sentence
What caused all this corruption in government?
*The Spoil System (Patronage)
What laws came about to reform government?
*Pendleton Civil Service Act
Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
Rutherford B. Hayes
*Elected in 1876
*Set up a comission to investigate the nations customhouses which were corrupt
*He fired the two of the top officals of New York cities customhouses
Grover Cleveland
*He was the canidate who was elected when the democratic party won a presidential election for the first time in 28 years
*Tried to lower tariff rates but congress refused to support him
Benjamin Harrison
*Was one of conklings supporters
*Was nominated by republicans to balance out Garfields ties to reformers
William Mckinley
*Was the grandson of president William Henry Harrison
*His campain was financed by large contributations from companies that wanted tariffs higher
*Took a majority of the electoral votes and presidency
James A. Garfield
*Was the Ohio congressmen
*When neither the Stalwats or reformers could win a majority of the delegates, the convention settled on an independent canidate
*Angered the Stalwarts by giving reformers most of his patronage jobs once he was elected
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
*Poll Tax
*Grandfather Clause
*Jim Crows Laws
*Segregation Laws
*Plessy VS. Ferguson
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
*1896 Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal
*Ruled against the 14th amendment
*Established doctrine "Seperate But Equal"
*Lasted for around 60 years
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
*Amusement Parks
*Bicycling
*Tennis
*Spectator Sports
*Baseball
*Fine Arts
*Fiction Books
*Urban Shopping
*Department Stores
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