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Hinduism-
- A diverse body of religion, philosophy and cultural practice.
- Native to India.
- Belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures.
- Deities-
- Brahma- the Hindu creator god.
- Vishnu- the Hindu preserver god.
- Shiva- the Hindu destroyer god.
- Brahma-
- Senior member of the triad of the great gods.
- He felt alone and separated from the world.
- Split himself and created the god Shatapura.
- Vishnu-
- Often represented resting on the coiled serpent Shesha.
- Never sleeps.
- When the forces of good and evil aren’t balanced he will incarnate himself as a human to set the forces equal.
- Shiva-
- Also called the Lord of the dance.
- Shiva often has a 3rd eye, cobra necklace, vibhuti- (3 horizontal lines on forehead made from white ash) and a trident, sometimes represented as half man and half woman.
- Is known to have a wild passion, which causes extreme behavior and his relationship with his wife Parvati brings him balance.
Military Conquests-
- Maurya Empire was founded after the death of Alex the Great.
- First 3 emperors were Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara Maurya, and Ashoka Maurya.
- All emperors gained land.
- Maurya Empire Military-
- 900 elephants.
- 8,000 chariots.
- 30,000 cavalry.
- 750,000 soldiers.
- War elephants had swords on their trunks.
- Gupta Empire-
- Chandra Gupta was dying and he told his son to rule the world.
- His son went on an extreme military campaign.
- He conquered Bengal, Nepal, Assam, Malava, and eventually Ujjayini.
- Gupta Empire Military
- 500,000 infantry.
- 50,000 cavalry.
- 20,000 charioteers.
- 10,000 elephants.
- Navy with more than 1,200 ships.
- At its height they had more than ¾ million soldiers.
Buddhism-
- Stupas- mound lie structure.
- Typically holds the ashes of the deceased.
- Used by Buddhists as the place of meditation.
- 5 types of stupas-
- Relic- remains of Buddhist leaders.
- Object- objects that belonged to Buddhist leaders.
- Commemorative- commemorative events in the life of Buddha and his disciples.
- Symbolic- symbolizes aspects of Buddhist theology.
- Votive- constructed to commemorate visits or to gain spiritual benefits.
- Theravada-
- The oldest surviving Buddhist branch.
- The “Doctrine of the Elders.”
- The more conservative of the 2 major traditions of Buddhism.
- It is practiced mainly in Sri Lana, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.
- Buddhism-
- Historians estimate that the founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha Gautama commonly known as Buddha.
- Religion home to the Indian subcontinent that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teaching where the people worshiped Buddha.
- Buddha is recognized as being an awakening and enlightening teacher,
- Though of more as a “way of life” than a religion.
- Practice mediation.
- The 4 Noble Truths-
- The truth of suffering.
- The truth of the cause of suffering,
- The truth of the end of suffering
- The truth of the paths that leads to the end of suffering.
- Believe in karma which in turn determines reincarnation.
- There are 6 planes in which they can be reborn-
- The 3 fortunate realms and the 3 unfortunate realms.
- 3 fortunate Realms-
- Realm of demigods, realm of gods, and realm of men,
- 3 Unfortunate realms-
- Animals, ghosts and hell- suffer untold suffering; the suffering of the realm of man is far less.
Buddhism and Hinduism Art-
- Buddhist Art-
- Originated from Indian subcontinent-
- Spread from contact with other cultures throughout Asia.
- Influenced the development of Hindu art.
- Buddhist art flourished.
- Buddhism almost disappeared from India.
- Worked with brick, wood, thatch, and bamboo.
- Made- stone railings, gateways, and sculptures and stupas.
- Painted scrolls, made images of nature.
- Hinduism Art-
- 4 goals of life on earth and each human should aspire to all 4.
- Everyone should aim for dharma, okama, or human and righteous living, artha or wealth acquired through the pursuit of a profession, exual love, and moksha or spiritual salvation.
- Costume decorations, perfumery, jewelry making, magic and illusions, ointments for char and virility, manual dexterity, skills of cooking, eating and drinking, beverage and dessert preparation, sewing, embroidery.
Indian Trade-
- 100 B.C. - 200 A.D.
- Traded Items-
- Silk, wine, weapons, metal works, jewelry, horses, spices, lap dogs, cloth, jade, gold, nuts, amber, teas.
- Silk Roads-
- Not actual roads.
- Name given to any route that led across China to Rome.
- 4,000 mile trip.
- Rome had gold, silver, and precious gems.
- China had silk spices, and ivory,
- Ideas also traveled along the Silk Road that affected everyone.
- Very difficult and dangerous to travel along.
- Northern Route- westward to Black Sea.
- Central Route- westward to Persia, Med. Sea and Rome.
- Southern Route- westward to Iran and India.
- Silk-
- Romans were not surprised to hear of another great civilization hidden over the mountains.
- They had been looking for “silk people” for a long time.
- Discovered pieces of silk from some of the people thy conquered and it became popular in Rome but it was scarce.
- Wanted more silk but didn’t know who was making the wonderful material.
- Tried to find the traders that had silk as they came into the towns and villages.
- The traders didn’t know who was making the silk.
- They got it by traveling a short way along the Silk Road and trading with the people they met.
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