Terrible strangers= the Mongols
-two Russian leaders joined forces and set out to defeat the Mongols
-the Russians were defeated in 1223 at the Battle of the Kalka River, a defeat remembered to this day in Russia and Ukraine
Mongol Invasion
-the Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus’ in the 13th century, destroying cities including Moscow and Kiev
-Batu Khan’s full-scale invasion of Rus’ occurred 1237-1240
-all Russian states had to submit to Mongol rule and become a part of the Golden Horde empire—some of it lasted until 1480
Nicholas II
-died July 16/17, 1918
-last Roman emperor (1894-1917)
-his wife Alexandra, himself, and their children were killed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution
-cut wages of the lower class
-part of the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia since mid-17th century
Bolsheviks had 3 promises:
-peace, bread, and land
-this event was known as Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution
-it was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917
-the revolution was led by the Bolsheviks, used their influence in the Petrograd Soviet to organize the armed forces
-Bolshevik Red Guards forces under the Military Revolutionary Committee began the takeover of government buildings on October 24, 1917
-the following day, the Winter Palace was captured
Results: Bolshevik victory, creation of USSR, end of Russian provisional gov’t/Russian Republic/dual power, start of the Russian Civil War
Vladimir Lenin
-was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist
-politically a Marxist, his contributions were known as Leninism, which coupled with the Marxian economic theory to create Marxism-Leninism
-the leader of the Bolshevik faction, took a senior role in orchestrating the October Revolution in 1917
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