1943-1991
COLD WAR PRESENTATIONS-
Causes of the Cold War- United States v. Soviet Union. Democratics(freedom) v. Communists(controls you). 1945-1990. differences in gov't, US didn't like it and thought that they would try to push communists to us and other countries. Free Trade- we thought that it would be good for us, Soviet Union didn't like it. US thought that Soviet Union wanted to over power us, and they thought we wanted to over power them(rivalry). separting Germany into 4 parts Britain, France, US=West, Soviet Union=East. they didn't know what to do with Europe. tensions between controlling Germany and the gov't there help start the war. Soviet Union didn't like Truman Doctrine- US can help any country that is threatened by communism, or the Marshall Plan- US rebuilding European countries. Atomis Bomb- US and Soviet Union both had nuclear weapons, but agreed not to use them, but intensified the Cold War. Truman didn't like Stalin- he said the only thing Stalin understood was us going to war with him. Red Scare.
Policy of Containment- overall policy of Cold War, stop communism four main topics: Domino Effect- mainly about communism, if one country has communism as there gov't then the countries surrounding it will become communism. not promoted by US. Iron Curtain Speech- said by Winston Churchill, term was used in the context of soviet-dominated Eastern Europe, a spliting between eastern and western of Europe. Marshall Plan- European Recovery Program(ERP) a large-scale economic of American program if cash grants to Europe with repayment of the money, created by George Marshall. goals: rebuilding a war-devastated region, removing trade barriers, modernizing industries, making Europe prosperous again. REBUILD EUROPE. to not spread communism into Europe countries. Truman Doctrine- started by President Truman, stated the the US would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them falling to the Soviet Union and trying to get rid of communism or to help it from spreading into Greece and Turkey, mainly military aid. supported by Repyblicans which controlled congress, sent $400 million but no military force, Greece and Turkey became our alliances, and Truman Doctrine helped start the Cold War.
House of Un-American Activities Committee- HUAC- created in 1938 to look into private citizens engaging in criminal acts against the US. main focus is keeping people from having communist ties. famous people who were accused of being communist- Hollywood Blacklist. the gov't put them on a list and they couldn't get jobs b/c they supported communist. the members of the HUAC are very determined to find communists and communists sympathizers by pressuring witnesses to give up the names of those who are communist. witnesses who did not give the info. needed were held in contempt of congress. Senator Joseph McGarthy used the HUAC's ideas and began accussing people of being communist. McCarthy started McGarthyism which was accussing people of treason w/o any evidence, this era in time was known as the Second Red Scare. The Second Red Scare was the fear of communists spying on our gov't. another fear of the US during this time was the Soviet Union atomic bombing the US. Red Scare made the actual communists in our country lay low, this scare helped minimize communist activity. HAUC became less important by '60's. HUAC renamed House of Internal Security Committe in '69, and '75 committee was ambolished.
Senator Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism
-McCarthyism was named after jow McCarthy. is teh practice of making accusations of disloyal subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. it happened in the second red scare. it took a broder meaning by describing the excess of similar efforts reckless unsubstantitated accustations attacks on the character ot patriotism of political propaganda. Many americans were accused of being communists. Born on Nov 15 1908 afraid of communists taking over the US didnt want communists in the state development tried to ease sugar rationing. McCarthy treatment of General Ralph W. Zwicker durign that investigation caused very many supporters to turn against McCarthy. He'd been a heavy drinker and he had a liver failment. he was married for alittle less than 4 years before his death.
China becoming Communist-Mao
-Mao Zedong was the leader of the communist party. gerilla warfare strategy- hiding and firing on the opposite team and the leader of the chinese revolution.
- Ching-Kaishek was the first and the third clairman of the nationalist government of China. was a strong member of National Party of China. In 1949 the chinese civil war started between the Communist and the Nationalists. The communists were pushing the Nationalists back duiring the war which eventually seperated china into 2 groups. the 2 groups were the republic of china (Taiwan/Nationalists) and the people's republic of china( mainland of china/communists). After Kaishels army was pushed to taiwan the communists controlled most of all of mainland China. inthe civil nwar in china the kirominstang wanted to be like the US and they were also supported bu the US. The communists wanted to be like Russia. 5 year plan is known as great leap forward. the great leap is a plan that is an alternative model for the economic growth to the Soviet model. less food production. Cultural Revolution was mao feared that people would turn against him. during this there was alot of rape, murder fraud. concerned were becoming very estraged and he was worried that they would forget who they were supposed to serve. corruption was also a concern for Mao. Completed the communizing of China for Mao. Many thought that Mao shouldnt be in power.
Cuban Misslie Crisis- the US started to build missile bases in Turkey and Italy, which could attack the capitol of the Soviet Union, Moscow. The Cuban Missile Crisis is the name for the Soviet Union and Cuban Gov't responding by building missile bases in Cuba withing range of US. US then began to react when images of missile bases emerged. JFK formed EX-COMM which was a group of people designated to handle the situation at hand. Eventually, JFK decided to form a naval bloackade around the island of Cuba. US then demanded that Soviet Union dismantle the bases in exchange of the US agreeing to not invade Cuba. Eventually the whole Crisis sudsided with the US and USSR getting rid of the bases in the problem areas. Cuba didn't mind having Soviet Union bases b/c of the Bay of Pigs Invasion. US had attempted to invade Cuba in '61, which failed. Fidel Castro ws confident that the US would attempt a second attack. when Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the USSR proposed the idea, Castro thought it would prevent anothe rinvasion. Crisis in Oct. of '62, fear of Nuclear War breaking out. US ready for attack from Cuba, if missile was launched, it would be taken as an attack against US. if anybody was to make a wrong move, a Nuclear War would start. very few people died in combat or aircraft. several exchanges of communication most from Krushchev. Oct. 15 images of bases revealed, 16th JFK informed, 22nd, JFK announced missile bases, 28th Krushchew dismantled bases which ended crisis.
Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative- on March 23, 1983 to develop an anti-ballistic missile system, though to protect us from missile attacks on other countries, especially Soviet Union. it was our response to predicted nuclear attacks from other countries. nicknamed Star Wars. many people against it b/c it would create a new arms race, anger the Soviet Union, waste of money and wouldn't help us at all, critics thought we wouldn't have enough room to set up research for this. weapons needed for plan required nuclear x-ray lasers, projectiles computer-guided would fire by electromagnetic rail guns adn subatomic beams. weapons required a lot of space, a lot of power needed, take billion $'s for expense. we planned on intercepting ballistic missles as still flying through air. Strategic Defense Initiative Org. over saw it. plan failed at that time, plans were too much. too much power and designs were too much at that time. Missile Defense Agency took Reagan's challenge to build things like this.
Berlin Blockade- Soviet Union blocked the railroads going into Berlin to block supply line to stop other countries from taking over Berlin and not becoming communist , we created the idea of organizing the "Berlin Airlift" , our planes dropped tons of supplies(mostly food). allied forces wanted to repair Germany and Soviets wanted to destroy it to not have to worry about it anymore. Stalin and the "Red Army" set up in East Germany while the US was in West Germany. Blockade lasted about 11 months. we set up an airlift called "Berlin Airlift" for planes to drop in supplies and food for the Berlin people. 12-13 tons of supplies a day. we airlifted supplies to not have a war by destoying the wall, soviet union didnt want to attack us b/c they didn't want to start a war, this led to taking down the wall, it was useless. Berlin people lived mostly on potatoes, bread, little or no electricity, this is why we airlifted. Soviet Union offered to airlift supplies, but Berlin people refused. US put B-29 Bombers(could carry atomic bombs) on bases in Great Britain.
The Nuclear Arms Race- in WII 1st nuclear weapons made by US, we kept it a secret, atomic bombs. US had a monopoly over nuclear weapons production during the years after WWII, soviets secretly developed "Joe One" RDS-1, shocked everyone, basically a copy of Fat Man. after both nations possessed the nuclear weapons, a race began to ge better, efficient, and higher quality bombs, intercontinental Ballistic Missiles were created, could deliver missiles all over world, missiles best form of nuclear weapons, Soviets launched Sputnik satellite, US feared that they might launch a nuclear missile arrack that would reach any part of the world, major rold in starting the space race. satellites were designed to detect a neclear strike before it happened, large bunkers made to save leaders and citizens built fallout shelters, people taught to react to nuclear strike. Mutual Assured Destruction(MAD) was the US and USSR's mutual understand that a nuclear strike from either side would cause mssive damage to both parties, this came into play when both sides realized they both had enough powe rto destroy the other side, second strike- if one side would strike first, the other side would send a bomb to destroy the first side. this is when MAD came into affect. other countries UK, China, started making smaller amounts of nuclear weapons. Strategic ARms Limitation Talks (SALT) reducing the nuclear weapons.
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization- said that if one of the other countries gets attacks we have to help ward of the attackers. Soviet Union wanted to join, France withdrew. Dec. 12, 1979 US gave Europe nuclear arms. organized a lot of organizations and plans after 9/11 attacks. recently put a no-fly zone over Libya, NATO put a weapons embargo against Libya so they can't fight back. Destalinization- after Stalin dies, the leader , Kruschev, starts this saying to treat people better. Peaceful Coexistence- to live peaceful in the war without going to war.
Fidel Castro and the Bay of Pigs- Castro, communist, led Cuban Revolution in 1959, overthrew Cuban dictator, became Prime Minister of Cuba. Us started resistance in and out of Cuba, tried embarrassing Castro, CIA talked about assassination. trained soldiers for the attack of Castro, set small boats, crafts that sent of signals. 2 of 5 ships sunk, men struggled, but Cuba had a lot more men than us. Bissil wanted to keep sending more people in, but JFK wanted to stay low. main reason for invading, to stop communism and stop it from spreading. we dropped propaganda that was against Castro, people didn't go against him. feared Castro may intercept some of the raw materials being imported into the country.
Nixon goes to China- today we have a open door policy, everyone can trade with China. Nixon went Feb. 21st, 1972. goal: to try and get rid of communistm. stayed there for a week. China had been isolated since1949, communist MAo Zedong took control, we didn't want to get involved with them. Ping Pong Diplomacy-all American ping pong teams could to play in China, broke tensions between US and China. This was to gain trust from US so Zedong wouldn't have ememies on both sides; US and Soviet Union. Taiwan Issue- Nixon considered Taiwan and Vietnam as irritans, they were getting in the way of what he was really trying to accomplish. document passed said that Chinese people on both sides of Taiwan Strait should believe there is one China and that Taiwan is part of China.
1970's Peace Attempts- Peace Corp- made of doctors, engineers and horticulturists- went to different countries that were undeveloped and helped them get more develop. Detente- a permanent relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War. Salt I- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between US and Soviet Union, led to Anit-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Salit II-controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnez, sounght to curtail the manufacture of nuclear weapons(never happened)
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan- invaded aronnd 1980 for about 8 years, Soviets financed the Afghans and lead some of their military. they wanted to help strengthen communists power of Afghanistan civil war between Soviet Union and Afghan. "holy war"- guerrillas started turning the Soviet army around when the soldier started losing motivation to keepy fighting.Gorbachev took Soviet Union out of Afghanistan saying he wanted better western relations and a better economy. in Moscow the two coutries signed a peace agreement and the Soviets would withdraw from Afghanistan. many died or wounded. Carter put an embargo against Soviet Union. Us boycotted the Moscow Olympics, Afghans competed.
Glasnost and Perestroika- reconstructing/rebuilding of the Soviet Union Gorbachev. glasnost-"openness"- open to other ways other than Communist. INF Treaty- Inetermediate Range Nuclear Force Treaty-eliminated nuclear and conventinal ground launches, reduce nuclear missiles.
The Berlin Wall Coming Up and Going Down- 1961- constructed by the Communist. Sovie tworkers tore up the streets in Berlin and put in a barbed wire wall, in 1965 concrete wall was built. To keep the people in East Berlin in. they wanted to keep the East Berlin people from escaping the Communist gov't. East Berlin wanted the benefits that West Berlin had like democracy. people would jump out of the buildings over the wall, tried to climb the wall, tried to destroy the wall, build tunnels under the wall to escape. consequences of trying to escape- losing jobs, family, killed, injured. Border opened in 1989, wall taken down 1990.
Comments