HOLOCAUST
- The genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War 2
- A program of systematic sate-sponsered extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory
- Approximately two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had lived in Europe before the Holocause died
- Some maintain that the definition of the Nolocaust should also include the Nazis' genocide of the millions of people in other groups from Germany and other occupied territory
- By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people
Who was killed in the Holocaust
- Gypsies (500,000 to 1.5 million dead)
- Mentally/Physically handicapped people (75,000 to 250,000 dead)
- Soviet Slavs/POW's/Troops (16.5 million dead) (7.4 million included in the holocaust)
- Poles (2.5 million dead)
- Homosexuals (5-15 thousand dead)
- Communists/Socialists (Many but number not confirmed)
- Dark Skinned People (death and forced sterilization)
- Mixed Races ("The mulatto children came about through rape or the white mother was a whore," Adolf Hitler)
- Jehovah's Witnesses (2,500-5,000 dead)
- Free Mason's (80,000-200,000 dead)
- Jews (6 million dead)
What is the Aryan Race?
- Misused by the Nazis to mean a so-called master race that originated around Germany
- Perfect Aryan was blonde haired, blue eyes
Lebensborn- Fount of Life
- The program aimed to promote the growth of "superior" Aryan populations by providing excellent health care and living conditions to women and by restricting access to those deemed "fit"
- Houses were set up throughout Germany and many occupied territories
- Many Lebensborn children were born to unwed mothers which helped lead to many rumors of rape
Hitler's Jewish Question 1933
- Nazis "temporarily" suspend civil liberties for all citizens in 1933-Never restored
- The Nazis set up the first concentration camp at Dachau in 1933. The first inmates are 200 Communists
- Jews are prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors in the National Health Service, and teachers in public high schools. All but few Jewish teachers are banned from public high schools and colleges
Nuremburg Laws 1935
- Took away German citizenship from Jews thus making Jews second class citizens by removing their basic civil rights
- Established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either considered themselves Jewish of had three or four Jewish grandparents. People with one or two Jewish grandparents were considered to be mixed race
- Eventually anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent was at risk in Nazi Germany
- Jews could only marry Jews
- No sexual relations non-Jewish Germans and Jews
1936
- Nazis boycott Jewish-owned businesses
Kristallnacht-1938 Night of the Broken Glass
- On the nights of NOvember 9th and 10th, 1938, gangs of Nazi youth roamed through Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of Jewish businesses and homes, burning synagogues and looting
- In all, 101 synagogues were destroyed and almost 7,500 Jewish businesses were destroyed, 26,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps
- Jews were physically attacked and beaten and 91 died in the attack
1938-Cont.
- All Jewish children were expelled from public schools in Germany and Austria
- Nazis take control of Jewish-owned businesses
1939
- Hitler orders the systematic murder of the mentally and physically disabled in Germany and Austria
- Jews are required to wear armbands or yellow stars
1940
- Nazis begin deporting German Jews to Poland
- Jews are forced into ghettos
- Nazis begin the first mass murder of Jews in Poland
1941
- Jews throughout Eastern Europe are forced in ghettos
- In two days, German units shoot 33,771 Ukrainian Jews at BabiYar- the largest single massacre of the Holocaust
- The death camp at Chelmno in Poland begins murdering Jews
1942
- Nazi officals announce "Final Solution" - their pan to kill all European Jews
- Five death camps begin operation in Poland: Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau
- Ghettos of Eastern Europe are being emptied as thousands of Jews are shipped to death camps
- The United States, Great Britian, and the Soviet Union acknowledge that Germans are exterminating the Jews in Europe
1943
- Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto resist as the Nazis begin new rounds of deportations. These Jews hold out for nearly a month before the Nazis put down the uprising.
1944
- Hilter takes over Hungary and begins deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz where they are murdered
1945
- Hitler is defeated and World War 2 ends in Europe
- The Holocaust is over and the death camps are emptied
- Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps until they find a country willing to accept them
1947
- The United Nations establishes a Jewish homeland in British-controlled Palestine, which becomes the State of Israel in 1948
Nazi Science Experiments
- Josef Mengele was the chief physician at Auschwitz
Josef Stalin: Absolute Dictator
- Secret police and spies everywhere
- Purged his own officer corps
- Always deeply suspicious
- Regularly purged his enemies or those percieved to be shaky or untrustworthy
- Absolute power, justice had nothing to do with it
- Opponents often just disappeared in the night, never to be seen again
- Secret police often tortured, killed there
- Others sent to slave labor camps to die from severe work, starvation, and beating or downright massacure
- Had experienced unusual abilities of Wolf Messing, so knew that some persons could do unusual things
- Forced Soviet weapon physics into this pyschoenergetics realm also
Kellogg-Briand Pact
- Afganistan, Finland, Peru, Albania, Guatemala, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Iceland, Russia, China, Latvia, Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Solvenes, Denmark, Lithuania, Siam, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Spain, Egypt, Nicaragua, Sweden, Estonia, Norway, Turkey, Ethiopia, Panama, Cuba, and Liberia
- Outlawed the WAR
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
- The League could not enforce its authority
- A major power could get away with using force
- An issue so far from Europe was not likely to attract the whole-hearted support of the major European powers in the League--Britian and France
- Great Britian was more concerned with its territories in the Far East than in the maintenance of law and order
- Other powers would see this as a sign that they too could get away with the use of force
- The League also lost its most powerful member in the Far East and ultimately Japan was to unite with the two other nations that broke League rules--Germany and Italy
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Russia dropped out of WW1 due to the Bolshevik Revolution
Economically, it was in terrible shape
Vladimir Ulyanov(Lenin)
Lenin emerged as the leader of the communists.
Lenin was a big Marxist supporter
- -Marx never outlined how exactly to reach a classless society so Lenin and the government took control of the economy and farms with a promise to eventually give it back to the peasants.
Lenin organized the country into a federation of republics
- - The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Lenin died in 1924
Power struggled ensued between Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin.
Stalin would win.
Josef Stalin
Wanted to focus on building up the Soviet Union’s economy
Eliminated political opponents in great purges(800,000)
Wanted nationalization and collectivization of the economy
- -governement took control of industry(nationalization)
- -abolished private ownership(upset Kulaks)
- -forced peasants to merge their land into large collective
farms(collectivization)
The Kulaks resisted and Stalin used the secret police to kill them
Stalin admitted that at least 10 million people died due to collectivization and famine
Five Year Plans
- -Stalin’s idea of economic growth for industry and agriculture
- -Goals were to be met in a five year time frame
- -Wasn’t until the third 5 Year Plan did the economy start to improve
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