The Bolshevic caused Russia to drop out of WWII and into a civil war communists against old Russia.
Union of soviet socialist republics.
Treaty of Versailles- Ended WWI, Finland was taken from soviet union, czechoslovakia was taken from Germany, Territorial loss from Germany- France, Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Poland took land from Germany in WWI, Military loss- Germany reduced to 100,000 and no tanks or air force or subs, and only 6 capital naval ships. Rineland was between France and Germany and Germany couldn't have weapons in that area.
Finnancial loss- Germany lost land so they lost coal and factories. Germany had to pay $33 billion. Germany wanted to unite with Austria. Germany had to sign the war guilt clause. League of nations was set up.
Treaty of Versailles became known as a Diktat.
It kept France safe from communism
United States didn't sign the Treaty of Versailles because we didn't want to be in the league of nations, didn't want to be in war with Europe all the time.
Weimar Republic- Government set up in Germany after WWI it was a democracy.
Germany was in a depression from the war so the Weimer Republic failed because people blamed the government.
League of nations could put economic sanctions on another country. economic sanctions is were the country can stop trade to a country to starts war. Didn't have an army. Required unanumuse vote to pass something.
The Rise of the Dictators
Three Great WW II Dictators
- 1. Adolph Hitler-Germany
- 2. Benito Mussolini-Italy
- 3. Iosif Dzhugashvili(Josef Stalin)
Define totalitarianism.
The government or one person has all the power, Nazis and Fascist
Why did totalitarianism come about in the 1920’s and 1930’s?
- 1. Post-war depression
-high inflation
-1923 420 trillion marks to one US dollar
-high unemployment
-democratic governments struggled to end depression
- 2. New nations had no experience with democratic governments
- 3. Democracy brought about a lot of political parties
- 4. Unhappy with the results of WW I
-wanted revenge
Characteristics of Totalitarian Regimes
- 1. Tried to control people of country through fear and intimidation
-secret police force and military
- 2. Propaganda campaigns promoting the party
-press censorship and control of media
- 3. Educating the young in the ways of totalitarianism
-militarism, nationalism, imperialism, history of country
- 4. Government controlled the economy
-USSR completely
-Germany and Italy partially
- 5. All preached about the unfairness of WW I
6. Leader became iconized
-statues and painting
Benito Mussolini’s Italy
Fascism
Fascist movement began right after WW I
-people were unhappy with the results and the economy
was terrible
-people were scared that the socialists might come to power so many turned to fascism
-including King Victor Emmaneul
Benito Mussolini( Il Duce)
-hated the wealthy and catholic church
-mother forced him to go to catholic school
-expelled for stabbing a rich student
-unsuccessful elementary teaching career
-joined the socialist movement before during WWI
-fought for Italy in WWI-injured
-got involved in Fascist movement after the war
-became the leader of the Fascist movement
-King Victor Emmanuel asked him to be premier in 1922
-by 1926 was complete dictator of Italy
-killed political opponents
Fascist Ideas
- 1. Hated communism and democracy
Didn't believe in equality. Government needed more power he said
- 2. Government’s role is to protect the people of the country
- 3. Nationalism
Extreme pride in your country. nothing above the state nothing outside the state nothing against the state
- 4. Militarism
Benito required everyone to be in
- 5. Imperialism
empire building Musilini wanted Africa and Meditteranean
- 6. Corporativism
making a lot of money but not paying your workers much.
-industrial leaders and workers must work well together
-detested capitalist’s greedy ways
- 7. Made Catholicism the national religion
-Mussolini hated religion but realized he nneded an alliance with the Catholic Church
-brought many Catholics to support Mussolini
- 8. Efficiency and order were very important
-Mussolini “made the trains run on time”
Mussolini’s fascism was not as strict as Nazism
-allowed monarchy to continue
-allowed the Catholic Church to continue
What did the world do to keep peace to try not to go to war?
The war to end all wars WWI
Washington Naval Conference
- 4 power pact - Reduce Naval size
Great Britain
US
France
Japan
- 5 power pact - Respect possessions in pacific
China
- 9 power pact - Open door policy, free trade with China
Adolf Hitler
- born in 1889 in Austria
- dropped out of school at 16
- wanted to be and artist and architect
- failed to get into art school
- moved to Germany in 1913
- joined German Army when WWI broke out
- was wounded twice (once by gas)
- won numerous medals
- accepted the “stab in the back” theory
Weimar Republic accepted treaty of versailles
- hated Weimer Republic
- joined the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi) after WWI
- voted Fuhrer (Leader) of the Nazi Party in 1921
- Nazi party attracted the following groups of people:
1. Manual laborers
2. Former soldiers
3. Adventurers and misfits
- The Nazi Party:
1. was violently nationalistic
2. was anti-Semitic (anti-Jew)
3. Hated the democratic Weimer Republic
4. talked of the Volk (German common people) superiority
Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
- Hitler and the Nazis tried to take over the German Gov’t
- Failed miserably
- Hitler was arrested for treason
- Got five years but only served 9 months
- While in prison he wrote his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
- Outlined Hitler’s ideas:
1. Aryans were the superior race
- Germans, Dutch, Belgians, Scandinavians and English
- No interbreeding
2. Anti-Semitic beliefs
- Hated Jews, inferior race
- Hitler associated them with the Weimer Republic and
Communism
3. Hated democracy
- Believed one person had to have the power to keep order and
Discipline
4. Undo the Treaty of Versailles
5. Re-unite German speaking peoples
- Austria, Sudetenland, Danzig, Poland
6. Lebensraum
- “Living space” in Russia for the German People
- Hitler also learned that he would have to come to power legally
- January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany
- Within 18 months Hitler had total power and created “The Third Reich”
Jews- 6 million
Gypsies- 500,000- 1.5 million
Mentally/ physically handicapped
Soviet Slavs
Polish people
Homosexuals
Communists/ socialists
Dark skinned people
Mixed races
Jehovah's Witnesses
Lebensborn- Fount of Life. Program to breed blonde hair blue eyed babies.
Hitler's Jewish Question 1933- took away rights.
Dachau in 1933 was the first concentration camp
Nuremberg Laws 1935 jews were no longer german citizens
Jews could only marry Jews
1936 Nazis boycott Jewish businesses.
1938 kristallnacht- night of the broken Glass
101 synagogues were destroyed and 7,500 businesse were destroyed, 26,000 jews were captured and sent to concentration camps.
91 jews died.
1938 jewish children were expelled from schools.
Nazis take control over jewish businesses.
1939 kill mentally and phiscally handicapped, jews had to wear arm bands
1940 Nazis bigin deporting German jews to poland
Jews forced into Ghettos
1941 in two days German units shoot 33,771 Ukranian Jews at Babi-Yar
1942 Final solution announced
Five death camps set up in Poland
1943 jews started fighting back
1945 hitler is defeated and world warll ends in Europe
1947 Isreal took in a lot of Jews.
Most death camps in Poland
Joseph Mengele was the chief phisician for testing.
Russia/Soviet Union/USSR
Russia dropped out of WW I due to the Bolshevik Revolution
was a Comunism revolution
Economically, it was in terrible shape
Vladimir Ulyanov(Lenin)
Lenin emerged as the leader of the communists.
Lenin was a big Marxist supporter
Karl Marx didn't want 1% to tell the other 99% what to do.
-Marx never outlined how exactly to reach a classless society so Lenin and the government took control of the economy and farms with a promise to eventually give it back to the peasants.
Lenin organized the country into a federation of republics
- The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Lenin died in 1924
Power struggled ensued between Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin.
Stalin would win.
Josef Stalin
Wanted to focus on building up the Soviet Union’s economy
Eliminated political opponents in great purges(800,000)
Wanted nationalization and collectivization of the economy
-gov’t took control of industry(nationalization)
-abolished private ownership(upset Kulaks)
-forced peasants to merge their land into large collective
farms(collectivization)
The Kulaks resisted and Stalin used the secret police to kill them
Stalin admitted that at least 10 million people died due to collectivization and famine
Five Year Plans
-Stalin’s idea of economic growth for industry and
agriculture
-Goals were to be met in a five year time frame
-Wasn’t until the third 5 Year Plan did the economy start
to improve
Kellogg Brand pact, outlawed war.
Japan invaded China because of the Great Depression right after they outlawed war. They needed natural resources.
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