NOTES Leaders: Hitler-Germany, Mussolini-Italy, Churchill-Britain, Stalin-Russia, FDR-US, Tojo-Japan *The Treaty of Versailles was the root cause of WWII *The goal of this document was to bring worldwide peace *Wilson had 14 points, Germany thought that this was the treaty *A lot of land was taken from Germany and Austria-Hungary--Hitler tried to undo this during the war *The treaty's terms were: *Germany loses land to France, Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Poland *The League of Nations took control of Germany's overseas colonies *Some military terms were: *Germany's army was reduced to 100k men, no tanks allowed *Germany was not allowed an air force *Only 6 naval ships were built-no submarines *The west of the Rhineland and 50 km east of the Rhine was demilitarized-the Allies were to keep an army occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years *Some financial terms were: *The loss of industrial areas was a severe blow to German economy-also had to pay $33 billion to the Allies *Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria to form a superstate *Some general terms were: *Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war-"War Guilt Clause" *Germany had to pay all reparations *The League of Nations was set up to keep world peace Germany's reaction to the treaty *There was anger throughout Germany *It was called a Diktat-forced on them, they had no choice to sign it *Many Germans didn't want this treaty to be signed *German reps knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of restarting the war Allies reaction to the treaty *At first, it satisfied the big three (US, GB, France) *Allies believed it was just to keep Germany weak but strong enough to stop the spread of communism *Thought it kept the French border with Germany safe from another German attack and created the League of Nations that would end warfare throughout the world *When Wilson brought the treaty back to the Senate for ratification, the Senate refused to sign it because of isolationism *Most countries were ultimately unhappy with the treaty and the results of the war *US was unhappy because we felt forced into WWI-we chose to isolate ourselves *France thought we needed to be tougher on Germany *Britain wanted to be lenient on Germany because they wanted to be trade partners *Russia was unhappy because they lost land and were not invited to the treaty signing *Japan's involvement in WWI reinforced the fact that they were the dominant Asian power *Weimar Republic was set up after WWI as a democratic gov't with general public voting in mind *League of Nations-worldwide peacekeeping organization *Weaknesses-they had no military force, USA didn't join, required unanimous approval on all proposals Three Great WW II Dictators 1.1. Adolph Hitler-Germany 2.2. Benito Mussolini-Italy 3.3. Iosif Dzhugashvili(Josef Stalin) Define totalitarianism.-one person having total power over the people, gov't controls everything Why did totalitarianism come about in the 1920’s and 1930’s? *Because people were in the Depression and wanted to have the gov't do something about it 1. Post-war depression -high inflation -1923 420 trillion marks to one US dollar -high unemployment -democratic governments struggled to end depression 1.2. New nations had no experience with democratic governments 1.3. Democracy brought about a lot of political parties 1.4. Unhappy with the results of WW I -wanted revenge Characteristics of Totalitarian Regimes 1. Tried to control people of country through fear and intimidation -secret police force and military 2. Propaganda campaigns promoting the party -press censorship and control of media 3. Educating the young in the ways of totalitarianism -militarism, nationalism, imperialism, history of country 4. Government controlled the economy -USSR completely -Germany and Italy partially 5. All preached about the unfairness of WW I 6. Leader became iconized -statues and paintings Benito Mussolini’sItaly Fascism Fascist movement began right after WW I -people were unhappy with the results and the economy was terrible -people were scared that the socialists might come to power so many turned to fascism -including King Victor Emmanuel Benito Mussolini( Il Duce) -hated the wealthy and catholic church -mother forced him to go to catholic school -expelled for stabbing a rich student -unsuccessful elementary teaching career -joined the socialist movement before during WWI -fought for Italy in WWI-injured -got involved in Fascist movement after the war -became the leader of the Fascist movement -King Victor Emmanuel asked him to be premier in 1922 -by 1926 was complete dictator of Italy -killed political opponents Fascist Ideas 1. Hated communism and democracy 2. Government’s role is to protect the people of the country 3. Nationalism-nothing above, nothing against, nothing outside 4. Militarism 5. Imperialism 6. Corporativism -industrial leaders and workers must work well together -detested capitalist’s greedy ways 7. Made Catholicism the national religion -Mussolini hated religion but realized he needed an alliance with the Catholic Church -brought many Catholics to support Mussolini 8. Efficiency and order were very important -Mussolini “made the trains run on time” Mussolini’s fascism was not as strict as Nazism -allowed monarchy to continue -allowed the Catholic Church to continue -allowed capitalism and large landowners to exist What did countries do in 1920s to ensure that WWI was the war to end all wars? 1. League of Nations 2. Kellog-Briand Pact 3. Washington Naval Conference, which brought about these: 4 Power Pact-reduce navy-G.B, US, France, Japan 5 Power Pact-respect possessions in the Pacific-G.B, US, France, Japan, China 9 Power Pact-Open Door Policy-G.B, US, France, Japan, China, and 5 others Adolf Hitler - born in 1889 in Austria - dropped out of school at 16 - wanted to be and artist and architect - failed to get into art school - moved to Germany in 1913 - joined German Army when WWI broke out - was wounded twice (once by gas) - won numerous medals - accepted the “stab in the back” theory - hated Weimer Republic - joined the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi) after WWI - voted Fuhrer (Leader) of the Nazi Party in 1921 - Nazi party attracted the following groups of people: 1. Manual laborers-promised better times 2. Former soldiers-could join to fight for a "good" cause 3. Adventurers and misfits-gave people a sense of power and belonging - The Nazi Party: 1. was violently nationalistic 2. was anti-Semitic (anti-Jew) 3. Hated the democratic Weimer Republic 4. talked of the Volk (German common people) superiority Beer Hall Putsch (1923) - Hitler and the Nazis tried to take over the German Gov’t - Failed miserably - Hitler was arrested for treason - Got five years but only served 9 months-during court he was his own lawyer, preached about the Weimar Republic being full of problems-his term was cut - While in prison he wrote his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) - Outlined Hitler’s ideas: 1. Aryans were the superior race - Germans, Dutch, Belgians, Scandinavians and English - No interbreeding 2. Anti-Semitic beliefs - Hated Jews, inferior race - Hitler associated them with the Weimer Republic and Communism 3. Hated democracy-because he thought free public thought was weak - Believed one person had to have the power to keep order and Discipline 4. Undo the Treaty of Versailles 5. Re-unite German speaking peoples - Austria, Sudetenland, Danzig, Poland 6. Lebensraum - “Living space” in Russia for the German People - Hitler also learned that he would have to come to power legally - January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany - Within 18 months Hitler had total power and created “The Third Reich” *Hitler's first goal was to rebuild the military Holocaust *Approximately six million European Jews were killed- approx. 2/3 of the population *Including other group-about 11 to 17 million *Gypsies- Approx. 500k to 1.5 million killed *Mentally/physically disabled- 75k-250k *Slavic people- 7.4 million *Poles- 2.5 million *Homosexuals- 5-15k *Communists/socialists- indefinite number *Dark-skinned- indefinite number (death and forced sterilization) *Mixed races *Jehovah's Witnesses- 2,500 to 5,000 *Freemasons- 80-200k Aryan Race *blonde haired, blue eyed people-"the master race" Lebensborn-Fount of Life *Program designed to expand the Aryan race by providing excellent health care and living conditions to women that were deemed "fit" Hitler's Jewish Question *Nazis "temporarily" suspended civil liberties for all citizens in 1933-never got restored *The Nazis set up the first concentration camp at Dachau in 1933-first inmates were 200 communists *Jews were prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors in the National Health Service, and teachers in public high schools--all but a few Jewish students were banned from going to school Nuremburg Laws- 1935 *Took away German citizenship from Jews-made them 2nd class by removing their basic civil rights *Estabilshed membership in the Jewish race as anyone who considered themselves Jewish or had 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents- eventually anyone with at least 1 Jewish granparent was at risk *Jews could only marry Jews *No sexual relations between non-Jewish Germans and Jews 1936 *Nazis boycotted Jewish-owned businesses Kristallnacht-1938 "Night of the Broken Glass" *On November 9 and 10-Nazi youth went throught Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of Jewish businesses and homes-burning synagogues and looting *All Jewish children were expelled from public schools in Germany and Austria *Nazis take control of Jewish-owned businesses 1939 *Hitler ordered systematic murder of the mentally and physically disabled in Germany and Austria *Jews were required to wear armbands or yellow stars 1940 *Nazis began deporting German Jews to Poland *Jews are forced into ghettos *Nazis began the first mass murder of Jews in Poland 1941 *Jews throughout Eastern Europe were forced into ghettos *In two days, German units shot 33,771 Ukrainian Jews at BabiYar- the largest single massacre of the Holocaust *The death camp at Chelmno in Poland began murdering Jews 1942 *Nazi officials announced the "Final Solution"-the plan to kill all Jews *Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek-famous death camps *Ghettos of Eastern Europe were emptied and sent to death camps *The Allies found out about the exterminations 1943 *Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto resisted the Nazis-held out for almost a month before being put down 1944 *Hitler took over Hungary and began deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz 1945 *Hitler is defeated and WWII ends in Europe *The Holocaust ended and the death camps were emptied *Many survivors were placed in displaced persons camps until they found a country willing to accept them 1947 *The UN established a Jewish homeland in British-controlled Palestine, which became the State of Israel in 1948 Russia/Soviet Union/USSR Russia dropped out of WW I due to the Bolshevik Revolution Economically, it was in terrible shape Vladimir Ulyanov(Lenin) Lenin emerged as the leader of the communists. Lenin was a big Marxist supporter -Marx never outlined how exactly to reach a classless society so Lenin and the government took control of the economy and farms with a promise to eventually give it back to the peasants. Lenin organized the country into a federation of republics - The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lenin died in 1924 Power struggled ensued between Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin. Stalin would win. Josef Stalin Wanted to focus on building up the Soviet Union’s economy Eliminated political opponents in great purges(800,000) Wanted nationalization and collectivization of the economy -gov’t took control of industry (nationalization) -abolished private ownership (upset Kulaks) -forced peasants to merge their land into large collective farms (collectivization) The Kulaks resisted and Stalin used the secret police to kill them Stalin admitted that at least 10 million people died due to collectivization and famine Five Year Plans -Stalin’s idea of economic growth for industry and agriculture -Goals were to be met in a five year time frame -Wasn’t until the third 5 Year Plan did the economy start to improve Invasion of Manchuria *The Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931 to get resources despite signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1927 Japan Dictatorship also came to Japan -not through a political party but the military History -rich military tradition -feudal clans fought each other for dominance in Japan -The Emperor presided over the Japanese government -came from divine origin -descendent of the Sun Goddess -played minor role in the government -he was above politics -shogun had the political power -ruled in the name of the Emperor Japanese society 1. Landowning clans dominated -protected by the samurai 2. Wealthy merchant class 3. Peasants -most of the people of Japan Japan was very isolated until 1853 when US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed in to Japan and forced them to open their ports In the late 1800’s many Japanese were tired of being controlled by foreign countries. -adopted western ways in hopes to keep Western Powers out of their country 1. heavy industry 2. modern army 3. strong navy Showed off new power in several wars 1. Sino-Japanese War -1894-95 -Japan won 2. Russo-Japanese War -1904-05 -Japan shocked the world by beating Russia -gained partial control of Manchuria 3. World War I -allied with the US -gained German Islands in the Pacific after the war 1920’s -gave all men the right to vote -signed the 4, 5 and 9 Power Pacts -joined the League of Nations -signed the Kellog-Briand Pact 1930’s -Great Depression changed everything -people blamed the government for tough times -military leaders stepped in and took control -said Japan had to expand in to Asia to help economy -assassinated political leaders that opposed them -took away people’s rights Japanese Military Honor 1. fight to the death 2. commit suicide rather than surrender 3. gekokujo -open defiance of superior officers by junior officers -seen as a positive thing -shows the spirit of the soldier Japanese Invasion of Manchuria It proved that: 1. The League of Nations could not enforce its authority 2. A major power could get away with using force 3. GB and France wanted to avoid war at all costs 4. Other powers would see this as a sign that they too could get away with the use of force *The League lost its most powerful member in the Far East--Japan *US wanted to become allies with Central American countries so that we could have close trading partners and so we wouldn't have Axis forces at our back door Ethiopia invasion by Mussolini-1936 *Italy lost its Ethipopia colony in Africa at the 1896 Battle of Adua *One of the worst colonial disasters of modern history *Feb. 23, 1935-Italy sent large forces into Ethiopia *Italy was declared the aggressor *Nov. 18, 1935-League sanctions began -arms, embargo, financial embargo, non-importation of Italian goods *Feb. 1936- League could not agree on critical oil sanctions mainly because FDR refused- US controlled 50% world oil traide *Feb. 29, 1936- FDR signed the 1936 Neutrality Act 1. Mandatory arms embargo with warring nations 2. Mandatory ban on loans to warring nations *May 5- Italy occupied Addis Ababa- annexed Ethiopia on May 9 Generalisimo Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) *Hitler and Mussolini helped him come to power to stop the spread of communism *The general declared neutrality in WWII Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) *The official alliance between Germany and Italy
*Japan's invasion of China was successful at first, but it turned out a lot like Germany's invasion of Russia
*Young and infant Chinese girls were raped by Japanese soldiers
Quarantine Speech- 1937
*Japan, Italy, Germany, Soviet Union- all peaceful countries should avoid these aggressive countries
Appeasement Policy
*A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to an aggressor
*GB and France used this policy throughout the 1930's
*Gave the aggressors confidence-biggest mistake in history!
Panay Incident- 1937
*A boat was sunk by Japanese, they claimed it was an accident
Anschluss with Austria- 1938
*Germany annexed Austria
Sudetenland/Munich Conference- 1938
*Munich Pact-Appeasement- Germany was given the Sudetenland of Czechoslavokia
*Czech could either accept the Pact or deal w/Germany
*Czech lost its borders and fortifications
*Czech lost 70% of its steel and electric power, and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result
*British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain started taking Nazi Germany/Hitler more seriously after this
*Winston Churchill warned about the taking of the rest of Czechoslovakia
*GB and France started mobilizing for war
Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact- 1939
*Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons
*Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war
*Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland- Germany would get the western half and USSR the eastern half
*Russia would get Finland, Estonia, and Latvia and Germany would get Lithuania
*The world's reaction was:
*Shock
*Poland was in a tough spot
*Hitler thought it would force GB and France to back out of their promise to help Poland if attacked
Blitzkrieg Strategy
*Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible
*Tripartite Pact was signed, formed the Axis Powers- Germany Italy, Japan
*Allied Powers- Great Britain, Soviet Union, US, China, France, Australia, Canada
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