Islam
Mongol Invasion
When?
- They 13th century. it covered most of Asia and Eastern Empire
- Central Asia- Empire was expanded into Khwarizmian Empire
- West Asia- They Conquered areas known as Iran, Iraq, and Syria. it was conquered by force and submission. One thousand northern Chinese squad accompanied Mongols.
- East Asia- Genghis Khan and his soldiers entered China, which forced Korea to become vassal through an invasion of Korea.
- Europe- they invaded Kievan Rus', Right after that they invaded Poland and Hungry Over 3 yrs they destroyed major cities in Europe.
Military Units
- Mongols were usually divided into certain groups like males from 14-60 yrs old and were in groups of 10 100 1000 10000
- Above all the units there were one called the elite group and its name was keshing.
- Transfer for bidden they usually have leaders who split the groups up and they fight in small groups but there were many of them.
- Individual soldiers were responsible for weapons and other equipment fir the army.
- Mobility Mongol soldiers was by horse and had a couple of groups of archers on horses. Using horses, they could travel far and get to destinations quickly.
Major Battles
- Battle of Muhi-battle between the Mongol Empire and Hungry during the invasion. Took place in Muhi, southwest of the Sako River. After the invasion nearly half of the Hungry area was destroyed.
- Battle of Bang Dang- third Mongol invasion. took place at the Bang River near now day Northern Vietnam. Was a battle between Dai Veit and invading army of Yuan Dynasty.
- Siege of Baghdad- January 29 till Feb. 10 1258 the Mongol under the command of Hulagu Khan. intended to expand ruling ti the Mesopotanian. Instructed Hulaju to attack Baghdad if Caliph refused the Mongol demands.
- Battle of Ain Jault – September 3 1260, between Mamluks and Mongols in south Galilee.
Key players
Prophet Muhammad
Sunni Muslims
Shia Muslims
- The death of the prophet Muhammad resulted in a question of who should lead the people of Islam.
- The Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims had different views on who lead Islam.
- The word “Sunni” in Arabic means someone that is a follower of the traditions of the prophets. Sunni Muslims wanted to elect a leader that would be most capable in leading the Islamic people.
- Shia Muslims wanted the leadership to be directly passed in to the cousin. The word Shia in Arabic means “ a supporting group of people.”
Trading
Water, Routes, Land
- the trade between the Muslim empire and the empires of the Middle East made a profitable trade network
- the trade was over land and sea
- the routes were to China,/ India Byzantine Northwest Africa, Egypt, and a lot more.
- There were silk roads that extended a long ways though the empire and there are some of the main routes for trading and traveling.
What they traded
- they traded things the had too much of or stuff they really didn't need
- they traded sugar silk silver gold and topaz.
- They most important thing they trade was salt they traded for gold.
Banks systems
- Islamic banking that is consistent with the Sharia law and its practical application through the dev. of Islamic economics
- Investigating in business that provide goods or services considered contrary to Islamic principles that is harm. (simple and prohibited)
Sakks
- Sakk is the Islamic equivalent of a financial bond
- Sukuk securities are structured to comply with Islamic law
- $1.34 trillion if assets are being managed according to Islamic investment principles.
- It encompasses the general body of spiritual and moral obligations and duties in Islam.
Currency
The gold dinar is a gold coin first issued in 696- 7 AD by Caliph Abd- al- MAlik ibn Marwan. The name is derived from denarius, a Roman currency. The weight of the dinar is 4.25 grams.
Who they traded with
- they traded with countries in the Middle East a lot.
- They had routes to China, India and even as far as Eygpt.
- They traded with many countries.
Literature
Shahnameh
The Shahnameh is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between 977 and 1010 AD and is the national epic of Iran and related services. Contains about 60,000 verus.
Authors
- Book of One Thousand and One Nights
- Widely known worldwide as Night of Arabia
- Includes the legends of Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba
- Kind of like Beowulf the stories were first told orally, so the story has never stayed the same over the years.
- First twelve-volume edition printed in 1704 by a French translator from a manuscript from the 14-15th century.
Morals and Message
- Al-Kindi's was a philosopher in 9th century and was known as "the philosopher if the Arabs" he wrote the book Fi a- hila Li-daf'al-ahzan (On the Art of Averting Sorrows).
- It was said that he was strongly influenced by the Epictetus.
- This emphasized the importance of freedom from the world and human beings.
- And that we are responsible for our own happiness.
- His last logical step was that suicide was permissible if life wasn’t worth living any longer.
- One Thousand and one nights revolved around strong female heroines.
al Khwarizmi
Life
- in the 12th century Latin translations of his work on the Indian numeral introduced the decimal positional number system of the western world
- he was born in a Persian family and his birthplace is given as charisma
Contributions
- contributions to math were geography astronomy, these were all basis for innovation in algebra trigonometry
- his systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations
Astonomy
- he made the astronomical tables and sin and hind
- the table consist of about 37 chapters on calendric and astronomical calculations and 116 tables of caendric astronomical data. The table contains the movement of the sun, the moon and five planets known at the time. This work marked the turning point of Islamic astronomy.
Trig
- the sin hind also contained tables for the trig functions of shines and cosine a related treatise of spherical trig is also attributed to him
Geography
- third major work is his book on the appearance of the earth
- they book was finished in 833
- the book is revised and completed version of Ptolemy's geography consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.
Al- Jabr
- algebra is relate to the mathematics but for historical reasons the word algebra has three meanings as a bare word
- algebra means use of letters and symbols to represent values
- structures meaning linear
- a major branch of mathematics which studies relations and operations
Artwork and Architecture
- Arabesque- is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based in rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" it plain lines.
was math used?
- geometry was mostly used a
- a lot if pillars were cylinder with triangles on top.
- dome if rock- mosque
famous buildings and art
- Islamic artwork in encompasses the visual arts from the 7th and 8th century
- Islamic art is not at all restricted to religious art, but includes all the art of the rich and varied cultures of Islamic societies as well.
Calligraphy
- decorative hand writing or hand written lettering Penmanship
- had a special place in Islam
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