More presentations. Yay.
Notes:
5-1: Cultures Clash on the Prairie
-Plains Indians
-lived in Great Plains
-4 importand tribes: Dakota, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Comanche
-Buffalo were important to Indians
-used buffalo for all basic needs
-teepees used because they were easy to put up and take down
-bow and arrow
-never killed more buffalo than needed
-believed in many gods
-powwows were celebrations to the Great Spirit
-headpieces represented bravery, each time they killed someone, a feather was added
-got first horses from the Spanish
-horses made hunting buffalo easier, along with travel
-small family groups
-children taught life lessons through stories and legends told by grandparents
-grandparents took care of kids while parents worked
-young women taught to sew, decorate moccasins and cook
-roles of women were to put up and take town teepees, raise children, prepare food, prepare skins, and gather berries and plants
-settlers pushed Plains Indians farther and farther West.
-whites made trails through Indian's land and killed their buffalo
-forced onto reservations far from their homes
-Gold Rush of 1858
-drew people from all over the world
-had mining grounds on Native American land
-American settlers learned how to handle large herds of cattle from the Mexicans
-demand for beef skyrocketed after the Civil War
-Vaqueros were to first to wear spurs, chaps, and such
-Chisholm Trail is a major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas through Oklahoma, to Kansas
5-1 continued
-Treaty of Fort Laramie: Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River, was forced upon them in 1868
-Red River War: 1874-85 between Kiowas and Comanches
-small battles with few casualties
-U.S. army general ordered to destroy their villages and ponies, kill and hang warriors, bring back all women and children
-Gold Rush: started with Colonel Custer's expedition of 1874, people flocked to find riches, few prospered
-Custer's Last Stand: he took his 7th calvary into Little Bighorn, split up group, sent 175 soldiers with Reno to attack the village, Custer planned to meet the other group in the center of the village, but was instead met by hundreds of Indian Braves, he lost half of his men, remaining men were killed on Custer's Hill
-Battle of Wounded Knee: new 7th calvary took 350 starved Sioux people up to camp in December of 1890, asked indians to hand over weapons, and after refusing, they were all killed
-A Day in the Life of a Cowboy;
-work 10-14 hrs a day on the ranch
-trail herding cattle, cowboys worked 14 or more hrs a day
-youngest cowboys about 15 and done by 40
-not like cowboys in western films
-many African American and Hispanic cowboys
-started cattle drive with round-up in the spring
-sorted and branded them at this time
-Long Drive: route from Texas to the mid-west
5-2: Settling the Great Plains
-1850-1871: government gave land grants to railroads equaling 170,000,000 acres
-first transcontinental railroad went across North America
-by 1880, there was about 90,000 miles of railroad in the U.S.
-railroad workers were treat poorly and had to work in harsh environments
-Homestead Act: gave settlers up to 160 acres of land, but you had to 1.File and application, 2. Improve the land, and 3. File for deed of title
-exodusters: African Americans who moved from post reconstruction area to Kansas. They took adv. of this act
-rich land speculators also took advantage of this act (loopholes)
-Nathaniel Langford and Henry Washburn appealed to the government to preserve wildlife and not allow settlers to move further west. Closed Frontier.
-Homes: dugouts- dug out of hills, had stove pipes. soddies- built out of sticks and dirt or mud, many pests (snakes and mice), built on flat land. Pioneers used land to build, both generally warm in winter and cool in summer, leaked bad or flooded in heavy rains
-women's work: took care of housework and children, sheared sheep for wool to make clothing, canned fruits and veggies, washed clothes, milked cows, harvested animals
-John Deere became famous for the steel plow
-Cyrus McCormick involved in the process of more efficient and better farming tools
-1837, steel plow. 1841, grain drill. 1847, reaping machine. 1868, John Deere became Deere and company. 1874, barbed wire. 1878, corn binder. 1896, spring-tooth harrow.
5-2 Continued
-Hatch Act: 1887 gave federal land grants to states in order to create a series of agricultural experiment stations
-Morrill Act: 1862 land grant set up to establish institutions in each state that would educate people in agriculture, mechanical arts, home economics
-2nd Morrill Act: 1890 stated that states that have separate colleges for different races had to make an equal amount of the funds to be received under the act, any states that had already used up the funds for white schools had to either open their faculty to black students or to provide separately for them
-farmers had to borrow money to pay for new machines, repaid loans with money from crops and such
-went into debt b/c they couldn't find workers, felt threatened from competition of railroads(charged extra), weather, child labor and low wages
5-3: Farmers Unite to Address the Common Problems
-farmers in debt, price of crops were down and land wasn't good for farming
-during Civil War, greenbacks weren't backed up by gold or silver, so it was worthless
-railroads made agreements to raise prices to transport grains, many farmers had to pay mortgage land to pay for crops and seeds
-farmer's alliance: angry farmers, led by Oliver Hudson Kelley
6-1: Black Gold and the New Uses of Steel
-Industrial Revolution caused by wealth of natural resources, government support for businesses-Laissez-faire, growing urban population: chead labor and markets for new products
-black gold=crude oil, native americans had been using it as medicine for many years, Europeans used Kerosene lamps in 1840's
-abundance of iron and coal
-carbon taken out of iron=steel
-process was simple, but not efficient
-steel used by railroads, farm machines, architects (skyscrapers & bridges)
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