Notes:
Socrates:
- Philosopher
- was Plato's Teacher
- most of the stuff we know about him is from the works of Plato
- most known for teaching and communication
Background:
- spent all of his life in Athens except for his military time
- served on the legislative council of 500
- nothing is known about his childhood but we can tell from his learnings that he attended schools of Athens
Beliefs:
- believed that the best way for people to live their lives is to focus on self development oposed to the pursuit of meterial wealth
- socrates formed the idea that intelligence embodied the knowledge of ones own ignorance
Aristotle:
- contributed majorly in the study and teaching of physics and astronomy among other subjects
- student of Plato
- wrote 200 trestles only 31 survived
- father of the feild of logic
Background:
- born in Stagira
- the son of physician to king of Macedon
- for a while he was the tutor for alexander the great
- he attended Plato's academy to learn
- eventually created his own school
Plato:
- contributed mainly to the philosophy of metaphysics
- formed the cocept that the idea or soul of someting must exist before the physical aspect can
- best writer in western tradition
- most influential writer in philosophy
- born into an athenian family
- one of the most creative and influential thinkers of the ancient world
- after meeting Socrates, Plato turned to philosophy
-they knew each other
-plato was a student of Socrates at the academy in Athens the first insititution of higher learning in the westen world
-when Socrates was 60 Plato was 20 and came to im as a pupil
-When Plato was 60 Aristotle came to him as a pupil at the age of 17
Ranks:
- Aristotle is ranked first becasue he is a Greek philosopher. A great writer and a good person. One of the most founding figured in western philosophy
- Socrates because he is and enigmatic figure, known chiefly throught the classical writers
- Plato, the founder of Academy of Athens
Athena:
Gods:
- Zeus - Many Athenian people belivd in Zeus. Was the god of the sky and weather and his image apeared on most greek coins
- Apollo - was the god of light, he was known for killing a giant snak e that was harassing his mother
- Artemis - Was the female god of hunting, wilderness and wild animals also the god of childbirth
- Aphrodite - female god of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation
- Poseidon - was the olympic god of the sea, rivers, flood and drought, earthquakes, and horses. Supposedly looked as if he were an old man with a dark beard and holding a trident
- Venus - God of love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory
- Ares - God of war, battle, civil order and courage
- Dionysus- God of wine and drunkenness
- Hephaestus - God of technology
- Athena - God of wisdom and courage
- Hermes - God of boundaries and transitions
- Hades - Was the kind of the Underworld and the god of death and the dead. Hades was also known as the god of the hidden wealth of the earch, he made the soil fertile, gave riches of gold, silver and other metals to the ground
- Demeter - God of harvest, grain and fertility of the earth
- Hestia - Virgin God of hearth and agriculture
- Hera - Female God of women and marrige
Origin of religion:
- greek religion was a predominant form of early paganism and as a result their religion reflected many central ideas and concepts of earlier forms of Pafanism
- Religion was a very important aspect of greek society and culture
- greeks belived that they had to worship and please the gods in order to have good fortune
Why they prayed:
- they prayed to the gods for religious purposes and worshiped the gods because they believed the controlled the owrld and controlled everything that happened
- prayed to thank the god and pray for certain things to happen
- also prayed to he god for the same reason we pray today
Monotheist & Polytheist:
- Monotheist is beleiving in one god
- Polytheist is believing in more than one god
Religion & Mythology:
- they differ but have overlapping aspects
- both terms refer to systems of concepts that are of high importance to certain community making statements concerning the supernatural or sacred
The Delian League:
- league was controlled by Spartaand athens
- Athens was recognized as a metropolis
- placed athens at the head because of its strong navy
- in 446 B.C the League became an empire ruled mostly by Athens
- was land based and water based
- the league took over other cities and forced them to join the league and have a democratic government
- purpose was to continue fighting th persaidn empire after greek victory
- in 467 B.C the league overcame Naxos and moved on to take over Asia Minor
Tactics:
- avoided engagement with the spartan infantry
- the purpose was to maintain pressure on the enemy occupation to eventually over run it having only few casualties
- the Athens were predicted to prevail over Sparta due to superior amounts of resoures, money, and men
Goals:
- to liberate the Ionian Greeks from Persain rule
- to safeguard the islands in the Aegean from further Persian aggression
- within time, the Delian League controlled virtually all the Greeks in the islands and coastal regions of the Aegan
- the league slowly turned into an Athenian empire
Key Players:
Pericles:
- promoted the arts and literature
- turned the Delian League in to and Athenian empire
- Responsible for rebuilding the Athens
Persian War:
- Themistocles - Athenian admiral at Battle of salamis
- Darius I - King of Persian Empire durring the First persian war
- Xerxes - King of Persian Empire during Second Persian war
- Miltiades - Athenian General at Battle of Marathon
Peloponnesian war:
- Cleon - first representative of the commercial class politics
- Nicias - member of Athenian aristocracy, became the rival of Cleon, aim was to condlude a peace with sparta
- Alcibiades - prominent Athenian statesman, orator and general, played a major role in the 2 half of the conflict
Weapons and armor:
Persian War:
- hoplon - greek weapon made by wood covered by bronze with leather on the inside
- Knimis - flexible metal and lined with felt, leather or cloth that is worn around the legs
Peloponnesian war:
- short swords (spears)
- shields
- helmets
Who participated:
- all physically fit citizens 18 - 60 years (men)
Soldiers:
Peltast:
- were a lighter infantryman without armor except for a helmet
- armed with long spears plus 7 smaller spheres for throwing
- carried a longer oval shaped shield, or sometimes a crescent shaped shield
- fought in a more open order, their job in battle being to protect the flanks and rear of hoplite formations
- although somethimes citizens of the state fought, many peltasts were mercenaries in ancient greece
Hoplite:
- heavy infantryman
- wore armor
- was armed with a long spear 8 to 12 ft long used for thrusting and a loarge round shield called a hoplon
- fought in close order, shoulder to shoulder
- usually citizens of the state for which the fought
Psiloi:
- were the missile troops, completaly unarmored
- could be armed with a bow, sling, or small spear
- rarely carried shields
- fought in an extended open order
- took on the enemy ahead of the main group
- were citizens to poor to afford the equipmetn of a hoplite
Cavalry:
- some armies had small numbers of cavalry
- could be light unarmored men in oped order armed only with small spheres
- other cavalry fought in a closer formation
- wore leather or metal armor, and were armed with a sphere and sometimes a shield
Famous Battles:
- Persian war was a land and sea battle
- the battle of marathon took place in the first persian invasion of greece and was fought between Athens and Plataea
- was significant in showing thw world that the persians could be defeated
- created marathon running
- Battle of Aalamis was fought in September and was fought between the greek city-states and their enemy persia took place in the strait between Piraeus and Salamis island near Athens
- the defeat at Salamis shifted the war in Greece's favor
- was the most important battle in human history
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