Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture. Osage&Iowa Indian Tribes settled in small villages. Lived near the Lower Mississippi. They hunted&planted crops. Western trubes were nomadic (sioux&cheyenne) Hunted&gathered. Nomad- travelers. Spanish inroduced horses to New Mexico in 1598. Able to travel farther&hunt more effiviently. Majority of the tribes left their homes on the Plains. Caused more fights to break out. Indians were very protective of hunting ground. Able to trade goods. Many plains people lived in extended groups that were smaller. Usually they all spoke the same language. Children learned proper behavior through stories-myths-games-&good ex. No one to domanatie the group. Land was shared threw the whole tribe. Leaders ruled by councles, not force.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains? The culture of the white settlers differed in many ways. Unlike Nataive Americans who believed that land cound not be owned, the settlers believed in owning land. The aranged that the Native Americans had lost their rights to the land because they hadn't settled down to "improve it" Since that the plains were "unsettles" migratants. Drew tens of thousands of miners to the region the discovery of god in Colorodo in 1858. Most mining camps&tiny frountier towns had fiftey, ramshackled living quarters. Few busnisses-minded women tried their best to work as laundresses, fright haulers.
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? Railroads influenced the goverment to reconsider Native Americans. In 1834, goverment passed an act that gave the Native Americans land for their tribes. All the tribes were to live on the same land. Later, government changed&gave each tribe their own areas in diffrent parts. Many of the settlers&tribes clased each other. John Chivington sent a telegram that read, "I want no peace till the Indians suffer more." He&his troops attacked the Cheyenne tribe. Novemeber 29, 1864, they attacked&killed over 150 people. There were about 200 warriors&500 women&children. All those that died were woman&children. Extended through the Sioux hunting ground&Bighorn Mountains. December 1866, Crazy Horse ambused. Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed. The sioux agreed to live along the missouri river. Gold Rush- workers to an area that has had a dramatic discovery of gold. Mornigng of June 25, 1876 Lieutent Colonel George A. Custer. 7th Cavalry. Battle aganinst Lakota Sioux&Northern Cheyenne Indians. 1800-65 million Buffalo 1890- fewwer than a thosand. Last battle. Was important to remember.
What were their policies? Cowboys?
The season began with a springtime. Brand-who owns what. Usually lasted for 3 months. The ratio was 1,250-300. They had a cook who drove drove the chuck wagon&set up camp. Another wrangler who cared for exstra horses. A boss earned 100 dollars or more for supervising&negotiating with settlers. Spurs, buckles, &other meatles were set outside.
After the Civil War, the damand for beef skyrocketing partly due to the rapidly growing cities.
-Describe a cowboy's life. Learned how to be cowboys. Rope stuff-brand&care for animals. First to wear spears&leather. Horses ran wild -Rough Horse. Altimetly we got our cowboyness from Mexicans. 1866&1885 as many as 55,000 worked on the plains. Cowboys worked 10-14 hours. Cowboys go to as young as 15. Cowboys usually owned their own saddles, but the horses were the boss.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains? 170 million acres. Pacific railroad acts. Union Pacific&Central Pacific. Moved out there were farmerss&immagrents. Transcontinental Railroad- Sactamento- Ohmaha 1869. Kansas- Los Angeles 1882. New Orleans- Los Angeles 1883. Chicago- Seattle 1883. St. Paul- Seattle 1893. Homestrad Act- 160 acers. Head of family. 5 years. Steps- File, Improve- Deed. Origianlly was for goverment- only 10 percent were actual homesteaders. Not all land was equal. 160- genually. Oklahoma wasn't a part of Homestead but within one day people started selling land. Land run- April 22, 1889. "Sooners" 1870 Henry D. Washburn&Nathaniel P. Langford. 1872.
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains? -my part.
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains? Floods. Fires. Locas Plauges. Tornados. Natives Americans. Outlaws. Lonliness. Railroads.
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains? Took greeenbacks out of circulation after the war. Farmers had to pay back more for the money that they barrowed. 1870's- farmers pushed the government to issue more money. Bland- Allison Act of 1878- required government to buy to coin 2$ or 4$. Farmers paid very high priced for transportation of grain. Railroads made agreements with middlemen allowing railroads to control grain storage prices. Farmers would mortgage their farms for credit to get seed and supplies. Suppliers would charge high rates of interest. In 1867- Oliver Hudson Kelley started started the Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange_ Original purpose was to provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families. Spent most of their time fighting the railroads. Gave rise to other organizations. Sent lectures fromt own to town to educate people about lower interest rates or loans and the government control of banks and railroads. Membership of farmers alliance grew to more than 4 million. Mostly the South and the West.
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in? Founded in 1892. The party held a converntion in Omaha, Nebraska on July 2, 1892. The members consisted of poor sotton famers of the South and poor wheat farmers of the North. Their goal was to help the farmers not to be so weiged down with debt and to give them a bigger voive in the gov. Under the control of common people. Their voice heard. Fight against the rapid defiation of crop prices. Electing senators by popular vote. A single term to be served by the president and the vice president. To have the ballots kept secret to avoid voting fraud. Putting more money into the circulation. Graduated income tax. More restrictions on immigration and a shorter. Work day (8 hours) Bimetallism. Populist candidate ended the election with 10 percent of the vote. Was a successful in electing some government officals in the West including three governors, 1500 state legistators, and five secaters. Populist party faced a difficult decision of whether or not they should elect their own candidate. They desided to joun with the Democrats and support their candidate, William Jennings Bryan. However they didn't want to give up their own recognitions as a party, and they disliked the democratic vice predisential candidate. They solved both issues by electing their own V.P. When McKinley, won the presidential election that year. Only beating out brian by a half a million votes. (The peoples party)
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's? The US changed from a farming counrty to an industrial country very quickly. By the late 1920's it was a great industrial power. Laissez Faire- Let it be. Reasons for the quick transition. Lots of natural resources. The goverment supported business. Cheap labor. While oil had been used by Native Americans for years Europeans had never really had a use for it. In the late 1800's the automobile was created. This greatly increased American's need for oil. In 1849 Edwin L Vrake used a stream engine to drill for oil. A rush of people and companies came to the Midwest to find and refine oil. Steel Process. You could really make anything -strong -tall. anything outta steel. By the 1860's it had already been replaced by the Open Heaerth Process. Steel was strong and flexable, so it changed the way everything was built. Buildings could be built much higher, bridges could be be built longer. Farm machines were also built out of steel. Thomas Alva Edison became a pioneer when he established the world first research laboratory. Incandescent ligh bulb. Thomas&Weshinghouse work together to make electricity safer and less expencive. Invention of electicity lead to many diffrent inventions of electricity lead to many diffrent inverntions and soon made it's way into many houses.
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives? Lightbulb. Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1873. in 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson unveiled the telephone which opened a new way to communicate these two inventions affected offive work and gave woman a job.
Ch. 6.2: -What impact did railroads have on the US? It helped transport from North to South. exc. It helped transport things faster.
-Why were many people upset with the railroads? Becuase. It was difficult for the farmers. Prices went up. Professer C.F. Dowd proposed that the earth's surface be divide into 24 time zones, one for each hour of the day. Contain 4 time zones. -Eastern, Central, Mountian, &Pacific. The railroad companies used the third method and so did many towns. The railroad helped cities grow&branch out. In 1880, George M. Pullman built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the IIllinois prarie.
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads? Was a scandal in 1867, made by the stock holders of the Union Pacific Railroad. Gave the company a contract to build the 66 more miles left but the stock holders doubled or tripled their money and raised the cost from 7 million to 23 million. Members of the Grange, a farmers organization founded in 1867. They were upset with the government and misure of land grants as the railroads sold to the businesses instead of selling it to the farmers. Also the government gave customers diffrent rates on hauls. Went into the political action as they spondered and voted for their own political candidated to protect their way of life from the railroads. Railroads tried to fight back, in 1877 the supreme court. 1887 congress passed the I.C.A. which was the first true federal regulatory agency. It was designed to address issues of federal abuse. Not untill 1906, Teddy Resevelt. The panic in 1893 was the worst depression up to that point of time. By the end o f1893, 600 banks and 15,000 businesses had failed and by 1895 4 million Americans were out of a job. In mid 1894, a quarter of the railroads were owned by finacial companies.
Ch. 6.3:
He was born on Nov. 25th, 1835. He came over to America at age 12 from Scotland. Six years after coming to America he became a secretart for the local superintendent for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Andrew was rewarded by his boss, Thomas Scott, to bye stock. Andrew left the railroad company in 1865. Andrew Carnegie. He then owned a steel mil, which manufactured more steel than all british steel mills in Britain. He sold his steel buissness in 1901 and started working on his management work. He also set up libraries, public, instituations, and a college. Bussiness was known as Carnigee Steel. Sold to one of the riches guys. He died in 1919. Find ways to amke better products for cheaper. He brought in people with talents and offering them stock. He also encoraged his assistants to be competitive. He brought in people with talents &offering them stock. He also encouraged his assistants to be competitive. Vertical Intergration; A process in which he bought out his suppliers in order to control the systems. Horizontal Integraion; Companies producing similer products. Social Darwinism was started by Charles Darwin. Social Darwinism means hat the states who have the fittest will strive in the society. Those who were poor were automatically weak and lazy. They people who believed in Darwinism thought that were superior. There was only two classes in Social Darwinism the rich and poor. The lazy and uneducated would be chosen to be in poverty. People of Darwinism thought that poor poeple would ruin society. Andrew Carnegie believe the rich should just become richer. Some positice effects the certian bussnesses started to stive. Andrew Carnegie did not give things to the poor, he believe that it was favoring them. It was also bad for other businesses. Enterpreneurs did everything they could to control threatened businessess. Mergers; When one corporation bought out the stock of another to become one. When that happens a conopoly could be formed by setting up a corporation that did nothing but bye the stock out of other contries. Corporation such as the Standrad Oil Company, established by a man with the name of John D. Rockefeller took a diffrent approach to mergers. The first oil was found in Titusville Pennsylcania and right away John was attracted to the oil business. In 1870 the Standard Oil Company employed a number of business practices. John treated everybody equally. He wanted the future good will of his partners and employess. A Labor Union is a union of workers working together to get better pay. Northern wages were generally higher than Southern wages. This made whites, blacks, females, and males all join together to try and improve their lot. Some women worked for doube wages. Labor unions were formed in the year 1866 by William Syvis who was an iron worked. Factory workers worked 12 or more hours a day, 6 days a week. Vacation was not an option. 675 laborers are killed due to work related activities a week. Labor Unions; When workers united so they can get better wages, and hours. There is two types of Union Diverge. Craft Unionism; A labor union that required skilled workers. Industerial Unionism; When Eugence V. Debs wanted all skilled and unskilled workers to work in the same environment. Eugene V. Debs; created the first industrial union. He amde the American Railway Union. A lot of unskilled and skilled workers, worked for this union. Workers refused to work when the railroad wunions cut their wages twice in two months. Many families didn't have enough income. Workers were getting smaller, since they didn't eat. Workers were bringing home 6 dollars per day. Mary Harris Jones was the founder of the woman's labor movement. Mary Jones created this strike, because she want people to get treated fairly. 1. Better working conditions. 2. Equal pay for specific job. 3. Put and end to kids working. Many employers didn't want Union to form. They made employees sign a "Yellow-Dog Contract" employees would sign this contract saying they wouldn't join in on a union. Labor Unions were successful. People wanted better wages, safe working conditions, and fewer hours. People now get better wages with health care, laws against children working and we now have free public education.
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US? Came in 1900's. 20 million Europeans arrived in the US. Before 1890, most immagrents came from countries in western and northern eroupe. In 1907, 1 million people arrived from Italy, Austria- Hungary, and russia. Between 1851 and 1883, 300,000 Chinesee arrived. Most wanted to seek fortune after the discovery of gold from the gold rush. Helped Build the nation's railroad. After building the railroads, they either turned to farming or, mining. Some started a buisiness. Chinese immigation was very sharply limited by congressional act of 1882. 1184 Japanese government allowed Hawaiians to recruit workers. That's how the Japanese emigration began. That's how the Japanese emagration began. Us annexation of Hawaii in 1898 resuled in increase of Japanese of the west coast. 1907 30,000 left Japan for US. 1920 200,000 Japanese lived in the West Coast. 1907 3000 Japanese left. At 1910 abotu 7 percent of the population of mexico at the time came over to the US over the next 20 years. By 1870's most immigrents traveled by steamship. Most traveled in steerage. Cheapest accommodations in a ships cargo holds. Atlantic ocrean from Europe took approx. 1 week. Pacific from Asia took almost 3 weeks. They were crowded so they didn't get to exercise or get fresh air. Had to sleep in louse-infested bunks. Share toilets with many other passengers. Disease spread quickly. Some even died before they reached land. After reaching land, they had to go through inspections. They faced anxiety of not knowing whether they would get admitted to the US. One of the inspection centers that was in New York Harbor. About 20 Percent of them got detained for a day or more before being expected. Had to pass physical examination by a doctor. If anyone had a serious health problem or contagious disease was promptly sent home. The ones that passed repoted to a gov. inspector. They questioned them to determine whether they met the legal requirements for intering.They had to prove that had never committed a felony, demonstrating that they were able to work, and shoring that they had some money. 1892 to 1925 Ellis Island. On the East coast Asians &Chinese between 1910 and 1940. About 50,000 Chinese came to America this way. Ellis Island and Angel Island has the same process for getting through.
Where did immigrants come from? Italy, Austria- Hungary, and Russia. Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, etc.
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here? They were not exepted. Really gross. Alot of diseases. Bunk beds. Nasty. Segrigation- Rasism.
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? They did not want them here. They were very rasest. To many came in at once. Taking Americans Jobs. Past a test. The Chinese Act. Places they could go. Jobs. exc.
Push&Pull.
One they were in the country the faced many challenges, such as, finding a job, place to live, and living a daily life with a diffrent language. They formed social clubs and aid societies. They made their own newspaper in their language. Naticism is facoritism towards native-born americans. Prescott F. Hall, a founder in 1894 of the Immigration Restriction League, identified desirable immigrants as "British, German, and Scandinavian stock, historally free, energetic." The natives worried the Chinese would work for lower wages. Senis Kertney was a the head of Anti-Asian and ended every speech with "The Chinese must go!!" In 1882, Congress slammed the door on Chinese immigration for ten years by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1902 is when they restricted Chinese immagration. In 1906 the local board of education in San Francisco segregated apanese children by putting them in separete schools. Under the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907-1908, Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskileed workers to the Us.
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population? Quickly became unsanitary.
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities? When the problems in the cities got worse people wanted to help. They social Gospel movement was an attempt to fix the problems in the cities. In the late 1800's some groups made settlement houses to help the people in band areas. -They were like community centers is help people had parts of a city. -They offered diffrent classes.
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city? Were not machines. Tried to get people in office. Fraud political machines cheated and cast as many votes as they could for themselves. Graft, use of political power for personal gain. "Kick Backs" -illigal payments for services.
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring. William M. Tweed 1869-1871.
What caused all this corruption in government? Bit Businessess hoped that the canidates they supported would raise the tariff to protect them from forign business. In 1848 President Cleveland tried to lower tariffs, but failed.
What laws came about to reform government? Since the 19th Century Presidents have complained about patronage. Patronage is the giving of government jobs to someone who help get a candidate elected. This was also called the spoils system in the Andrew Jackson Administraion. Many people were put into positions they wern't qualified for and only used. Reformers eventually began attempting to eliminate patronage and replace it it with a merit sysyem of hire. This meant that the job went to the most qualified person and not to someone with similat political veiws, close friends, or family members. Civil service feform made progress during the presidencies of Hayes, Garfield, and Aruthur. Ruther B. Hayes was elected in 1876. Although he couldn't get congross to support reform, he found other ways to fight against patronage. President James Farfeild was killes on July 2, 1880 and as a result civil service reform act to get away from the spoils system.
Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president? As a result of the assassination the new president Chester Arthur decided to support refrom which he believed had alot to do with the assassinatio of Garfeild. In 1883 he signed the Pendleton Act, which created modern civil service. Under the new law, many federal postitions would be filled on the basis of cometitive exams, rather than handed out as favors. The Civil Servive Act was passed in 1883.
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems? Cities in every industrial area of the country expanded upward and outward. In 1870, only 25 American cities had population of 50,000 or more. By 1890, 58 cities could make that claim. In response to these changes, technoloical. Architects were able to build bugger sky scrapers due to two reasons. The invention of elevators, and the development of internal. Other than the new railroads the new railroads being built. Advances in priniting, aciation, and photography were in the making also. By 1890 the literact rate had risen to about 90 Percent. Mills began producing huge amounts of paper made out of pulp from trees. It was much more durable. The new electically powered press was much more effivient than the old way. Wilbur and Orville Write mad the Magic of Flight Cont. THey first built a glader, in which one of the brothers laid in while it was in air. The Wright brothers put an internal combustion engine on a newly designes biplane. This biplane had a 40 foot 4 inch wingspan. The first successful flight was a kittlehawk. "After runnign the motor, for a few minutes to heat it up, I released the wire that feld the machine to the trach and the machine started forward into.." Within a couple o fyears the Wright brothers. Photography used to be considered a maor proffesional activity. Photographers aslso had to carry their darkwooms with them. The Kodak.
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African
-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
Ch. 9.1
-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?
-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer? -What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor? -What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?
-What did the 17th Amendment do?
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.
-Square Deal
-Breaking up strikes
-Regulating railroads
-Regulating food and drugs
-Conservation
-Civil Rights
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff
-Land disputes
-Breaking up trusts
-You will have to look elsewhere for some other accomplishments as the book is limited
-Break-up of the Republican Party
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
-Breaking up trusts
-Underwood Tariff
-16th Amendment
-Federal Reserve System
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
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