Punic Wars:
- 3 wars
- Rome vs. Carthage
- 1st was was over control of Sicily
- 2nd war- When Hannibal became general of Carthage and he wanted to avenge first defeat. Hannibal attempted a sneak attack through the alps to attach and capture Rome.
- 3rd war: Scipio attacked Carthage and Hannibal retreated and fought back at native city.
- Rome defeated Carthage in all 3 wars. Each war was harder for the Romans to win though.
- War 1-2, Rome was on the defensive. Aggressor in the last war.
- Key players-
- Hannibal (C)
- Scipio (R)
- Cincinnatus (R)
- Lasting Effects:
- Showed the civilizations in the Mediterranean that Rome was a dominant force.
- By 70 B.C., Rome had conquered a lot of land around the Mediterranean coast.
- Roman Republic:
- Shortly after their victories in the Punic wars, the quick and rapid expansion began to hurt the empire.
- The land was going to large estate and the small farmers were not making any money and were out of jobs.
- One of the reasons leading to a civil war.
- Julius Caesar: Another war broke out because of his death.
- Avengers of Caesar
- Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus avenged Caesar and became the 2nd triumvirate.
- Even jealousy here, Octavian forced Lepidus to retire his power.
- Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra and followed her to Egypt.
- Leaving Octavian to be the sole leader.
- Augustus- The term given to Octavian meaning "exalted one"
- Rome was at the peak of its power and at peace throughout Augustus's Rule and even to 180 A.D.
- Pax Romana-'Roman Peace'
Our group researched: Agricultural
Rome’s Agriculture
- Used geometric system to lay out crops
- Used crop rotation
- Full of mountains so sometimes it was very hard to farm
- Sometimes had to import food because of mountains
- After conquering Egypt, able to import lots of wheat
- Most of crops raised on large estates called latifundias
- Good amount of rain for crops during winter, so had to be saved for summer planting
- Realized that they were over-farming & causing soil depletion so one of first civilizations to use manure to revitalize soil
- Cicero considered farming the best of all Roman occupations
- Farms were small and family owned
- The main crop was wheat, and bread was present during almost every meal
- Unfortunately by end of empire, used up most of the land
- Majority of work done on the farm was by slaves and servants
- Farms created main source of income for Romans
- Cows provided mile, oxen and mules did a lot of the heavy work, Sheep and goats were used as cheese producers
- Sugar productions were centered around beekeeping.
- Some farmers raised snails as luxury food
- Certain types of food were given out to the public for free (corn, wheat)
- Since Roman Empire stretched through a lot of land, there were different climates to allow a mixture of crops produced
- Agriculture was basis of survival!
- The more land a person owned, the more important they were in the city.
- Romans had 4 systems of farm management - work done by owner and family, tenant farming and share cropping forced labor(slaves), and other arrangments in which farm owner leaded farm out.
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