Presentations cont.
Chapter 5.1- Native Americans
- Native American Culture- They were simple people, horses came in late 1500's. Coup sticks were popular. Tribes would poke their enemies with it and if they survived they would be accepted. Buffalo were important. Council would run the tribe as a whole never just one person
- Settlers moving west- Settlers believed they owned the land, native Americans where the exact opposite, the idea of striking rich was wanted by all. They drove many native Americans out.
- Restrictions on the Native Americans- Wasn't until the 1850's when the restrictions began. Many native Americans disagreed and continued hunting on other lands. It made many problems with two completely different cultures.
- Death toll rises- Massacre of Cheyenne at Sand Creek in 1864. Battle of the Hundred Slain or Fetterman Massacre Crazy horse came into a settlers town and killed 80 settlers. Red River War with the Kiowa and Comanche from 1874 to 1875. War pretty much just broke out between the settlers and Indians
- Assimilation- Native Americans joining the "white" culture. The Dawes act, 160 acres per family and 80 for unmarried. by 1932 whites had taken more than two-thirds of the land back. In 1800 65 million buffalo roamed the Midwest. 1890 only 1000 remained. in 1900 only one heard was left.
- Cowboys- As meat got more and more wanted someone had to move them. Moved large herds of cattle of north to be slaughtered and sold for food. Season began with Roundup in Spring. Next came the Long Drive which would last about three months. Then came barbwire fences and trains so they were losing their jobs. End of cowboys jobs left as fast as they came.
Chapter 5.2- Settling on the Plains
- Beginning of the Railroads- Between 1850 and 1871 land grants worth about and half a billion dollars were given for the purpose of laying the track. Union Pacific started in Omaha.
- Homestead Act- Gave settlers 160 acres. Congress signed it in 1852. You just had to settle it.
- Challenges of the Plains- Drought, floods, fires, blizzards, locusts, plagues, and the occasional raid by outlaws. Houses were usually dugouts or soddies.
- Agriculture- John Deere created the plow. McCormick created the Reaping Machine. The Morril Act set up schools for agriculture.
5.3- Farmers and the Populous movement
- Problems- High crop prices. Farmland was hard to find. Excessive shipping prices.
- Rough Economy- Green backs taken away they were put in place during the world war and then took it back as the war ended. farmers received less money for their crops so they couldn't pay back their loans. Value of money was increased.
- Populists- "the peoples party" A U.S. political party that sought to represent the interests of farmers and the laborers. Increased the currency issue. free coinage of gold and silver. public ownership of railroads. Graduated Federal income tax.
Chapter 6.1- Expansion of Industry
- Black gold- which is oil. 1859 Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania.
- Bessemer Steal- Coal and Iron are great resources that can be found in the Earths soil. Bessemer process created in 1850. By 1890 90% of companies used steel
- Uses for steel- Material used for train tracks. Joesph Glidden used it to make the first barbwire fence. John Deere created the plow. Brooklyn bridge.
- Electricity- Thomas Edison is the first person to create the first successful light bulb. George Westinghouse made electricity safer and cheaper.
Chapter 6.2- The Age of the Railroads
- Expansion of the West- Railroads made it possible for business and people to travel west.
- Government gave them land grants to build.
- Six times bigger- Before the Civil war there was only 300,000 after it was 6 times bigger.
- A lot of people were injured and killed while building the railroads
- Time zones- The railroads made 4 time zones. which made it easier to communicate time of arrivals and departures.
- Regulated the railroads so they wouldn't become to monopolistic. this could lead for a hunger for more power. or a hunger for a dictatorship. Farmers did not like railroads. They needed them but they were trouble.. they were getting in the way.
Chapter 6.3-
- Andrew Carnegie- kind of looked like Santa clause... is a Scottish immigrant. Family was not well off... then he becomes one of the richest guys in the world. By selling steal. Carnegie Steal. then he sold it to the bank J.P. Morgan. He was creating a monopoly. Monopoly- one business owns a huge proportion of one thing (Steal). Trust = Monopoly.
- Horizontal integration- Lowering their prices to have others lose business or buy them out and let them keep their name so people don't know.
- Vertical integration- Buying what comes out of the ground.
- John D. Rockefeller- a philanthropist- a person who gives out their money for good reasons. (Rockefeller plaza.) Drive people out of business then jack his prices up. Oil is the way he made his millions.
- Standard Oil company- Made by Rockefeller. Gigantic company! Gargantuan! Owned all the oil. Now is multiple companies. Exon Mobile which is now the largest company was just a small part of the Standard oil company. Standard Oil companies owned everything! Everyone was dependent on oil.
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act - Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states. Anti-Trust Act = Anti-Monopoly.
- Captains of industry- Industry titans that made our country go (Rockefeller & Carnegie)
- Robber Barons- Robbed poor people. (Rockefeller & Carnegie)
- So people loved and hated them.
- Charles Darwin- Darwin theory. Evolution. Survival of the fittest. Social Darwinism.
- Child Labor was a huge problem at the time.
- Labor Union- An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
- At first the labor unions struggled but as time went on more and more strikes were successful. more after the first world war.
Now my chapter 7.1-Immigration.
Old Immigrants
W.A.S.P- White, Anglo, Saxon, Protestants
New Immigrants
Chapter 7.2- Challenges of Urbanization
- Immigrants settling in cities- Immigrants 1920- 1/2 the population, worked as unskilled workers, lived in cities because it was cheaper. big part of the population was growing.
- Problems with population increase- housing options: live in tenements (nasty!!!) or in the country. Tenements: the trash didn't come often enough so that built up, no plumbing, lots of crime! mass transit not good.
- Sanitation in big cities- Filtration and chlorination was made in the late 1800's and by the 1900's cities had sewer line and sanitation departments.
- Fires in the US- Candles and kerosene were the main heaters which caused problems since most houses were made from wood. Earthquakes caused fires since they would shake the house and the kerosene warmer would fall and create a fire. Fire departments were created by all of these fires.
- Why cities grew so fast- Immigrants coming over for jobs, cities offered more jobs, farmers moved to the cities.
Chapter 7.3- The politics of the gilded age
- What was the gilded age- The time after the civil wars reconstruction. Named from mark twain's book the gilded age. During the time the upper class was very rich. During this time America received a major population and economic boom.
- Glided- Outside pretty inside ugly.
- Boss Tweed and The Tweed Ring- William M. Tweed was the boss of Tammany Hall on New York City. He was very very rich. He was the head of the democratic political machine. He stole a bunch of money in today's dollars would be 1.8 billion dollars. A park would cost like 5 million dollars and he would just tell everyone it was 10 million dollars and pocket the rest. Political machine- a group of people trying to get as many democrats elected as possible.
- Corruption and what caused it- tons of immigrants coming in. lots of garbage in the streets. political parties fighting to reign supreme. mainly massive fraud do to the political machines.
- Spoil system- if you get elected to office, the people that helped you get there they get jobs too.
- Penal ton civil service act- tests required to take to see if people were worth getting a government job.
- republican party split into two parts- stalwarts- status quo people (rich getting richer, poor getting poorer). Half-breeds- wanted reform (Help out the little guy).
Chapter 8.1- Science and Urban Life
- Innovations such as the Brooklyn bridge laid the groundwork for modern cities.
- Skyscrapers. The innovation of the elevator and internal steel skeletons.
- Wooden paper mills, created cheap paper. newspapers would be a penny a day.
- Airplanes .Orville and Wilbur Wright experimented with new powerful engines capable of lift off.
- 1888 George Eastman created the first Kodak camera. Starting price 25$ included a 100 picture film roll.
Chapter 8.2- Expanding Public Education
- 1865-1895- ages 8-14 would for 12-16 weeks.
- would study reading, writing, and arithmetic.
- Kindergarteners were not with the public schools.
- There were 200 kindergartners in 1880 and 3000 in 1900.
- by early 1900's more than half a million students were attending high school.
- New subjects were introduced like science, civics, and social studies.
- In 1890 fewer then 1% of African Americans attended high school. Then by 1910 3% were attending. 2/3 were going to private schools.
- Between 1880 and 1920 college enrollments had quadrupled. Offered courses in moderate languages. Private college required entrance exams. some used their entrance requirements on their high school diploma.
- After the civil war many African Americans pursued higher education.
Chapter 8.3- Segregation and Discrimination
- Whites didn't respect the African Americans.
- Chinese. Whites feared for their jobs, so they treated the Chinese like the African Americans
- 20th century. African Americans wouldn't get jobs just because they were black.
- Voting Restrictions. Voters had to answer questions to vote and Blacks would get harder questions so they wouldn't pass.
- Grandfather clause. White man could not afford the poll tax, so if his father or grandfather voted before January 1, 1867 they could vote. This is because before this date the blacks were still slaves and couldn't vote.
- 1882-1892. 1,400 blacks were killed just because of discrimination. they were either shot, burned, or hung.
- New York race riot. 1900. Black man killed a white police officer because he didn't like the way he was treating his wife (black).
- Debt Peonage. system bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer. 1911, violation to the 13th amendment.
- Homer Plessy. Got on a white railroad car. in 1896. Was American>African American. 1/4 black.
- John Howard Ferguson. Ruled against Homer Plessy.
- Restrictions. Separate Housing. Different medical care. Different Education. Employment. Transportation. Politics. Parks. "Jim Crow Laws."
Chapter 8.4-The dawn of mass culture
- Coney Island. Amusement park in New York.
- American Leisure. Free time. Cities would set aside "green space" (parks). 50,000 people had taken to cycles by 1888. In 1874 the US saw its first tennis match.
- Spread of mass culture. Art galleries, libraries, books, museums. cost of a book was 10 cents. red light fiction books were the most common... heroes and adventure books. Mark Twain was the biggest author.
- Ways to sell goods. glass topped arcade. people would advertise their stuff in newspapers and on billboards.
Presentations are done!
Comments