ALL NOTES : ALL CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 5
Ch. 5.1:
*Describe Native American culture.
-hunters and gathers
-horses were given to tribes
-wars broke out from trespassing
-lived in small extendedd families
-young men were trained to be hunters and warriors
-young women butchered game and hides
-children were taught through storytelling
-never controlled by one person
*Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
-no rights to lands (indians) werent changing it!
-were looking for gold, silver, riches
*How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
-indian territory but then changed!
*Describe a cowboy's life.
Ch. 5.2:
*How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
-Railroads: Government made huge land grants to the railroads to lay tracks in the West. Union Pacific & Centeral Pacific recieved 10 miles of public land for tracks in states & 20 miles for lind laid in a territory.
Some of them sold to farmers after.
-Homestead Act: Offered 160 acres of land free to a citizen that was head of the household, by the government.
*What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
-Droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues and raids by outlaws and Native Americans. Soddies leaked when it rained.
*What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
-Elaborate machinery was expensive so would have to borrow money.
-Would have to raise more crops to help ends meet.
-From 1855-90, there was a lot of drought
-Felt pressure from rising cost of shipping grain.
-Debt!
Ch. 5.3:
*What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
-Prices for crops were failling
-Good farming land was getting scarce
-Banks were foreclosing
*Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
-They were people who demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt from farmers and other workers and other workers to give people a greater voice from their government
-increase in the money supply
-graduated income tax
-federal loan program
-election of senators by popular vote
-single terms for pres & vice pres
-secret ballot
-8 hr work day
-restrictions on immigration
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CHAPTER 6
Ch. 6.1:
*What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
-Coal and iron were very plentiful
-There was a wealth of natural resources
-Govt support for businesses
*What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
internal combustion engine, dynamite, typewriter, electric motor, telephone, phongraph, lightbulb, radio, motion pictures, x-ray
Ch. 6.2:
*What impact did railroads have on the US?
-easier way to get to the west, brought available land, new start, deaths from several effects, trade
*Why were many people upset with the railroads?
-farmers- misuse of land that was supposed to be given to farmers, kept farmers in debt with high fixed prices
*What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
-Grangers- group of poor people fighting against railroads, laws set up in response to the abuses by the railroads.
*Interstate Commerce Act of 1887:
-made to regulate to regulate railroad industry and prevent railroad monopolies. Help farmers to get out of debt.
Ch. 6.3:
*Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
-Born in Dunfermline Scotland
-Moved to USA at 12
-At 18 had a job as personal secretary of Superintendant of Penn Railroad
-Single handedly untangled a passenger & freight trains
-Led to his first stock that was given to him by Thomas A. Scott
-Entered steel industry in 1873
-Carnegie Steele more than all features in Britian
-First steel mill in 1875
-One of first to use new business strategies
*Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
-Born July 8th in 1839, Richford, NY
-Raised turkeys and did household chores for money
-At 16 he had first real job: assistant book keeper at a library
-Showed signs early for being a major businessman
-Standard Oil was one of 5 major oil producers in US after Civil War
-Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio
-1874 Standard Oil, incorporated its first horizontal integration with Rogers and Pratt
-Became poster company for world monopoilies
*Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
-Vertical Integration: buying your own products to control transportation and raw materials
-Horizontal: combining with companies making simlar products
-Trusts: synonym for monopolies
*How did the government try to regulate business?
-Sherman Anti-trust act
-Doctrine of Laissez Faire
-Doctrine: marketplace couldnt be regulated because it was controlled by natural law
-Supported by many people, including William G. Sumner, a professor at Yale
*What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
-Basically the process of natural selection applied to business
-Herbert Spencer was first to apply that process to biz
-Used to explain humans evolving
-Eventually people started using to justify Doctrine of Laissez Faire
*What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
-Group of workers joining together for a certain cause
-EVERYBODY was involved
-To get a better working conditions was their goal, fewer hours or better pay, etc
*Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
-Didn't succeed at first, because nobody took them seriously!
-BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS
-So terrible that almost 700 workers died a week
-20% of boys worked full time and 10% of girls
-Children worked 14 hour days -- 27 cents for whole day
-National Labor Union/Colored Labor Union in 1866
-Knights of Labor: allowed workers regardless of race, skill or gender in 1869
-AFL
-Industria,l Workers of the World in 1905
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CHAPTER 7
Ch. 7.1:
*Why did immigrants come to the US?
-would come temporarily for money then return, better life, religious reasons, pushed out of country, gold.
*Where did immigrants come from?
-western and northern Europe
-Italy
-Austria
-Hungary
-Russia
-China
-Mexico
-Japan
-Jamaica
- Cuba,
-Puerto Rico
*What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
-small confined areas
-disease spread quickly on steam ships, lice, unsanitary conditions
-no exercise
-Had to pass inspections to be allowed into the country
-physical and monetary and hard questioning
-Ellis Island
- find a place to live, get a job.
-language/culture barriers
*Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
-religious beliefs, literacy tests, languages, thought they were taking jobs from them, racists
*Chinese Exclusion Act- -
1882-1943
-banned all entry to Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. 1902 all entry was banned untill 1943
-Gentlemen's agreement- Japan's government limited emigration of unskilled workers in exchange for no segregation
Ch. 7.2
*Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
-cheaper
-steady jobs
-schools -
common religion
-culture
-tradition
-language,
-farmers moved because of job loss
*What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
-housing-had to share, in 1879 passed laws for airshafts, garbage pickup, plumbing; transportation-mass transit, 1873 street cars, 1897 subways; Water- filtration in 1870's, chlorination in 1908; Sanitation-sewage, manure, smoke, garbage; Crime-police force in 1844; Fire-water, woodhousing, candles, 1900 full time fire department, 1874 automatic fire sprinkler, replace wood housing
*What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
-Jane Adams-started settlement houses, racial justice
-Social Gospel Movement-preached
Ch. 7.3
-Gilded age: to be covered with gold
*What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
• -Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party and also offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support
*Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
Boss Tweed:
• -William M. Tweed; head of Tammy Hall New Yorks powerful Democratic poltical machine in 1868
• -Tweed was accused of 120 counts and sentenced to 12 years; reduced to 1 & then was arrested again but escaped
Tweed Ring:
• -Around 1869, Boss Tweed led a group known as Tweed Ring
• -Corrupt group of politicans
*What caused all this corruption in government?
-patronage: (spoil system) gave government jobs to people who had candiadate get elected
*What laws came about to reform government?
-Pendeleton Civil Service Act: had to proove themselves by taking a test!
*Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
(Stalwarts: Status Quo & Halfbreeds: Reform)
Grant:Status Quo
Hayes: Reform
Cleveland: Reform
Arthur: changed to Reform
Harrison: Status Quo
Garfield: Once Status Quo but switched to Reform
Mckinley: Status Quo
Stalwarts: didn't want to rock the boat
Halfbreeds: help common people!
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CHAPTER 8
Ch. 8.1:
*What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
-Skyscrapers: (steel) (taller buildings; could hold weight)
-Elevators
-Electric Transit; street cars, trolley cars, get to work faster (suburbs), horses making mess in street
-Steel-cable suspended bridges; cities closer together
-Urban Parks
-Central Park
--
-Increased number of books, magazines, newpapers
-Cheaper paper from wood pulp
Ch. 8.2:
*How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Ch. 8.3:
*What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
-Couldn't vote: hhad to be able to read but were given harder tests
-Poll taxes
-Grandfather Clause
-Segregation Laws: whites & blacks seperated in public areas
*Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
-Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal
-ruled against the 14th amendement (no state can deny people equal rights)
-establised doctrine "seperate but equal" -- lasted about 60 years
Ch. 8.4:
*Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
-amusement parks
-bikes
-tennis
-sports
-baseball
-arts
-books
-shopping
-department stores
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CHAPTER 9
Ch. 9.1
*Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).
-To bring change to the world
-Goal: Protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform and fostering efficieny!
*What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?
-The banning of alchohol
-Prohibitiionish feared that alcohol was undermining the American morals; (crime, fights)
-Women's Christian Temperance Union; sing & pray & urge the saaloon employees not to sell
-Temperance = prohibition
-Carrie Nation : hachetation
*Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.
-YMCA: opened libraries, sponsered classes, fitness places (YMCA now)
*What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?
-Illinois Factory Act: Prohipited child labor; limited women's working hours
*What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?
-Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol - banned it!
*What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?
-Magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of buisness and public life.
-changed elections
-reports corrupted city and state levels
-Uptinsin Claire -- meat packing factories
*What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?
-After a natural disaster: city councils, five members took charge to build back up, formed a small government!
-Elected city council; laws & manager
*What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?
-broke it down into smaller parts
-assembly lines
-increased pay
-reduced hours
*What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?
-Child labor laws
-Couldn't opperate heavy equipment
-Set maximum hours
-Child lowered wages for all workers
Ch. 9.2
*Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
-.college mostly, started working more, farm women, cooking.. voting rights
*Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
-susan b anthony was a big part, she wanted women to vote
*Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
-susan b anthony
-eliizabeth cady stanton
-carrie nation
Ch. 9.3
*Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.
police polishoner. won govenor of new york. came vice president. became president. boxed MAKING THE SQUARE DEAL fought in Spanish American War
*Square Deal
makes everythign equal. helps out both side helped win the election in 1904
*Breaking up strikes
after 5 months after they were striking the pool resultes were low Teddy settled it and made their work day shorter 10% raise and could not strike for 3 years
*Regulating railroads
wanted fereral regulation passed acts to regulate railroads..Elkins Act made illegal to ship and regulate on specific railroads..rebates and railroad passes
*Regulating food and drugs
peer food act Food and Drug Act passed in 1906..packing plants
*Conservation
saving natrual resouces and saving land..before Roosevelt nobody paid attention to natural resouces late 19th century people were careless and did not help with the enviroment several natural parks..BIG ON CONSERVATION!! he had a love for nature
*Civil Rights
nobody really cared abotu civil rights. african americans made an association of the colored poeple. Roosevelt didn't do much to help out!
Ch.9.4
*Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
broke up trusts, Standard Oil...railroads..postal service..passed the Payne-Aldrich Bill problems--not as outgoing BORING! promised to lower tariffs never wanted to be president
*Payne-Aldrich Tariff
sep up to tax regulation that fialed to reduce tariffs on manufactured lowered certain tariffs on goods entering the US the debate over the bill caused the Republican Party to split..
*Land disputes
poeple made up thier minds that are natural resources must be conserved..
*Breaking up trusts
the Anitrust Act
*Break-up of the Republican Party
had to do with Payne Tariff Act
*Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.
Willian Taft was is the Rebuplican party..Roosevelt must democrat!! Wiklson won with only 42 percent of the popular vote..he claimed he would break up trust and expanded in the government
Ch. 9.5
*Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
-made national banking system
-limited the work day to 8 hours
-federal reserve act
-ed us in World War 1
-federal Trade Commission
-caused segeration in military, government
*Breaking up trusts
-Clayton Antitrust act
-Watch dog - federal trade commision
*Underwood Tariff
-wilson wored hard to reduce tarrifs rate
-reduced the overall tarriff to approx 25 percent
-eliminated tax on wool, steel, clothing, and sugar; created income tax
*16th Amendment
-allows congress to tax citizens so the government can make money
-larger income tax rate were taxed higher than lower
-government was recieving more money from taxes then they had ever got from tarriffs
*Federal Reserve System
-allows private banking system under federal control
-federal banks could transfer funds to remember banks in trouble
-saved a lot of people from losing their money and having their banks close
*Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
-Wilson promised to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching
-The federal antilynching failed
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