- It was ultimately the reason for WWII because Germany lost so much land and had to pay for the debt of the war. Hitler wanted to get everything back that the treaty took from them.
- The Treaty was aimed at punishing Germany Only
- Germany also lost a of territories of seas in Africa
- Germany's military was also reduced to 100,000 men
- Germany lost industrial Growth so that made a huge blow to the Germany economy and they had to pay 33 billion dollars
- Germany also had to take full responsibility for the WWI
- America after the treaty was passed isolated itself from Europe.
- Britain needed Germany to be strong for trade, and France wanted to Germany to be weak.
- Weimer Republic- Was the new democratic Germany after WWI it failed
League of Nations
- All Europes leadeers
- America didn't want to join because they didn't want to get involved In Europe's problem
Leaders Come to Power
Benito Mussolini’s Italy
---------Fascist movement began right after WW I
-people were unhappy with the results and the economy was terrible
-people were scared that the socialists might come to power so many turned to fascism
-including King Victor Emmaneul
Benito Mussolini( Il Duce)
-hated the wealthy and catholic chur
-mother forced him to go to catholic school
-expelled for stabbing a rich student
-unsuccessful elementary teaching career
-joined the socialist movement before during WWI
-fought for Italy in WWI-injured
-got involved in Fascist movement after the war
-became the leader of the Fascist movement
-King Victor Emmanuel asked him to be premier in 1922
-by 1926 was complete dictator of Italy
-killed political opponents
Fascist Ideas- Nothing Above the State, nothing outside Italy, nothing against the State.
1. Hated communism and democracy
2. Government’s role is to protect the people of the country
3. Nationalism
4. Militarism
5. Imperialism
6. Corporativism
-industrial leaders and workers must work well together
-detested capitalist’s greedy ways
7. Made Catholicism the national religion
-Mussolini hated religion but realized he nneded an alliance with the Catholic Church
-brought many Catholics to support Mussolini
8. Efficiency and order were very important
-Mussolini “made the trains run on time”
Mussolini’s fascism was not as strict as Nazism
-allowed monarchy to continue
-allowed the Catholic Church to continue
-allowed capitalism and large landowners to exist
What Did Countries through out the world do in the 20's to ensure that WWI was the War to End all Wars?
League of Nations, and Kellog-Briad Pact and the Washington Naval Conference, reduced Navy
ADOLF HITLER
- born in 1889 in Austria
- dropped out of school at 16
- wanted to be and artist and architect
- failed to get into art school
- moved to Germany in 1913
- joined German Army when WWI broke out
- was wounded twice (once by gas)
- won numerous medals
- accepted the “stab in the back” theory
- hated Weimer Republic
- joined the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi) after WWI
- voted Fuhrer (Leader) of the Nazi Party in 1921
- Nazi party attracted the following groups of people:
1. Manual laborers
2. Former soldiers
3. Adventurers and misfits
- The Nazi Party:
1. was violently nationalistic
2. was anti-Semitic (anti-Jew)
3. Hated the democratic Weimer Republic
4. talked of the Volk (German common people) superiority
Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
- Hitler and the Nazis tried to take over the German Gov’t
- Failed miserably
- Hitler was arrested for treason
- Got five years but only served 9 months
- While in prison he wrote his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
- Outlined Hitler’s ideas:
1. Aryans were the superior race
- Germans, Dutch, Belgians, Scandinavians and English
- No interbreeding
2. Anti-Semitic beliefs
- Hated Jews, inferior race
- Hitler associated them with the Weimer Republic and
Communism
3. Hated democracy
- Believed one person had to have the power to keep order and
Discipline
4. Undo the Treaty of Versailles
5. Re-unite German speaking peoples
- Austria, Sudetenland, Danzig, Poland
6. Lebensraum
- “Living space” in Russia for the German People
- Hitler also learned that he would have to come to power legally
- January 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany
- Within 18 months Hitler had total power and created “The Third Reich”
ANTI SEMETIC MEANS ANTI JEW
The Holocaust
- the genocide of approximately six million european jews during ww2
- a program of systematic state- sponsered extermination by nazi germany throughout nazi-occupied territory
- approximately 2/3 of the population of nine millions jews who had lived in europe before the holocause died.
Who was killed in the HOlocaust?
- jews (6 million dead) gypsies (500,000 to 1.5million)
- mentally/physically handicapped people (75,000 to 250,000)
- armies
- polish people (2.5 million)
- homosexuals (5-15 thousand dead)
- communists/socialists
- dark skinned people
- mixed races
- jehovahs witnesses
THE ARYAN RACE
- misused by the nazis to mean a so called master race that originated around germany
- perfect aryan was blonde, blue-eyed, tal and muscular
LEBENSBORN - FOUNT OF LIFE
- the program aimed to promote the growth of supeiror aryan populations.
TIME LINE
- nazis temporarily suspend civil liverties for all citizens in 1933 - Never restored.
- the nazis set up the first concentration camp at dachau in 1933. the first inmates are 200 comunists.
- jews are prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors in the national health service, and teachers in public high schools. all but few jewish students are banned from public high school. and collges
NUREMBURG LAWS
1. Took away german citizenship from jews thus making jews second class citizens by removing their basic civil rights.
2. estabvlished memberhsip in the jewish race as being anyone who either considered thmeselves jewish or had three of four jewish grandparents. people with one ro two jewish grandparents were considered to be mixed race.
- eventually anyone with at least one jewish grandparent was at risk in nazi germany
3. jews could only marry jews
4. no sexual relations between non jewish germans and jews
1936 - nazis boycott jewish owned businesses
1938 - Kristallnacht "Night of the Broken Glass"
- on the nights of november 9 and 10 gangs of nazi youth roamed through jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of jewish businesses and homes, burning synagogues and looting.
- 91 jews died
- all jewish children are expelled fomr public schools in germany and austria
- nazis take controil of jewish owned businesses
1939
- hitler ordered the nurder of mentally and physically disabled in germany and austria
- jews are required to wear armbands or yellow stars
1940
- nazis begin deporting jews to poland
- jews are forced into ghettos
- nazis begin the first mass murder of jews in poland
1941
- jews are forced into ghettos
- in two days, german units shoot 33,771 ukrainian jew sare babiyar - the largest single massacre of the holcaust.
- the death camp at chelmno in poland begins murdering jews
1942
- nazi officaisl announce the final solutaion - their plan to kill all european jews
- feath death camps behin operation in poland (Auschwitz, Treblinka, sobibor)
- ghettos of eastern eurppe are being emptied as thousands of jews are shipped to death camps.
- The US, UK, and Soviet Union achknowlege that germans are killing jews
1943
-Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto resist a the Nazis begin new rounds of deportations. These Jews hld out for nearly a month before Nazis put down the uprising\
1944
-Hitler takes over Hungary and begins deporting 12,000 hungarian Jews ech day to Auschwitz where they were murdered
1945
-itler is defeated and World War II ends in Europe
-The Holocaust is over and the death camps are emptied
-Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps until they find a country willing to accept them
1947
-The UN establishes a Jewish homeland in British- controlled Palestine, which becomes the State of Israel in 1948
Russia/Soviet Union/USSR
-Russia dropped out of WW I due to the Bolshevik Revolution
-Economically, it was in terrible shape
COMMUNISM PRACTICE-
COMMUNISM THEORY- Its unfair that rich control everything, the poor would rise up and overthrow the rich people create one class of students
Vladimir Ulyanov(Lenin)
-Lenin emerged as the leader of the communists.
-Lenin was a big Marxist supporter
-Marx never outlined how exactly to reach a classless society so Lenin and the government took control of the economy and farms with a promise to eventually give it back to the peasants.
-Lenin organized the country into a federation of republics
-The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
-Lenin died in 1924
-Power struggled ensued between Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin.
-Stalin would win.
Josef Stalin
-Wanted to focus on building up the Soviet Union’s economy
-Eliminated political opponents in great purges(800,000)
-Wanted nationalization and collectivization of the economy
-gov’t took control of industry(nationalization)
-abolished private ownership(upset Kulaks)
-forced peasants to merge their land into large collective
farms(collectivization)
-The Kulaks resisted and Stalin used the secret police to kill them
-Stalin admitted that at least 10 million people died due to collectivization and famine
-Five Year Plans
-Stalin’s idea of economic growth for industry and
agriculture
-Goals were to be met in a five year time frame
-Wasn’t until the third 5 Year Plan did the economy start
to improve
Japan
Dictatorship also came to Japan
-not through a political party but the military
History
-rich military tradition
-feudal clans fought each other for dominance in Japan
-The Emperor presided over the Japanese government
-came form divine origin
-descendent of the Sun Goddess
-played minor role in the government
-he was above politics
-shogun had the political power
-ruled in the name of the Emperor
Japanese society
1. Landowning clans dominated
-protected by the samurai
2. Wealthy merchant class
3. Peasants
-most of the people of Japan
Japan was very isolated until 1853 when US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed in to Japan and forced them to open their ports
In the late 1800’s many Japanese were tired of being controlled by foreign countries.
-adopted western ways in hopes to keep Western Powers out of their country
1. heavy industry
2. modern army
3. strong navy
Showed off new power in several wars
1. Sino-Japanese War
-1894-95
-Japan won
2. Russo-Japanese War
-1904-05
-Japan shocked the world by beating Russia
-gained partial control of Manchuria
3. World War I
-allied with the US
-gained German Islands in the Pacific after the war
1920’s
-gave all men the right to vote
-signed the 4, 5 and 9 Power Pacts
-joined the League of Nations
-signed the Kellog-Briand Pact
1930’s
-Great Depression changed everything
-people blamed the government for tough times
-military leaders stepped in and took control
-said Japan had to expand in to Asia to help economy
-assassinated political leaders that opposed them
-took away people’s rights
Japanese Military Honor
1. fight to the death
2. commit suicide rather than surrender
3. gekokujo
-open defiance of superior officers by junior officers
-seen as a positive thing
-shows the spirit of the soldier
Invasion of manchuria.
- The League of Nations couldn't enforce its authority. A major power could get away with using force, Great Britain and France wanted to avoid war at all costs, other powers would see this as a sign that they too could get away with anything.
Ehiopid Invaded by Mussolini in 1936
- Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in AFrica at the 1896 battle of Adua.
- One of the worst colonial disasters of modern history
- Feb. 23, 1935, Ital sends large forces into Ethiopia
- League of Nations put economic sanctions to italy
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