Today Mr. Bruns continued his WWII presentation.
The Road to WWII: 1919-1941
The leader of Germany was Hilter, Mussilini was fron Italy, Churchill was from Engling, Stalin was from Russia, FDR from US, Tojo from Japan.
The Treaty of Versailles was the cause of what was to come. It caused the Great Inflation.
The reason Hilter wanted Poland and those other lands was because they had been before WWI. So everything that the Treaty of Versailles:
It was aimed at Germany
Poland, France, Denmark, Belguim, Czechoslovakia all got land from Germany
They lost their overseas colonies and everything on those colonies
Their army was reduced to 100,000 men
No tanks, no airforce, only 6 capital naval ships, no submairnes.
Germany couldn't have any soldiers or weapon in Rhineland which is a land between France and Germany.
Germany had to pay 33 billion dollars to the Allies.
They had economic collapse.
Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate.
Germany had to take full responsibility for starting the war.
The League of Nations was set up.
Germany hated it. They called it a Diktat.
The Allied Powers were okay with it at first.
We wanted Germany to be strong enough to keep communism out.
America didn't want to be part of Europe's problems so the US Senate didn't ratify it.
Most countries were unhappy aboth the treaty and WWI. The US felt like they were tricked into the war. Afterwards we went back to isolationism. We were upset that other countries weren't paying us back. France didn't like it because they didn't think we went hard enough on Germany. Great Britian wanted to forgive and forget. It would be better for them if Germany was doing well because it was good for trade. Russia/Soviet Union they lost a lot of land and they weren't even invited to the convention. Japan was happy with it because they got the the colonies that Germany lost over in Asia. They showed that they were the prominent power in Asia.
Meimer Republic
It was the new democratic government that was set up in Germany after WWI.
Failed:
- Germany never had a democracy before
- Huge depression, high inflation-people blamed the Meimer Republic for the problems
League of Nations
- World wide peace keep organization
- Countries world wide join this
Economic sanktions-no imports of exports
Weaknesses
- Could not wage war, no military force
- U.S did not join—would bring us into European war and violated Laizze Faire
- Unanomous vote
The Rise of the Dictators
Three Great WW II Dictators
- 1. Adolph Hitler-Germany
- 2. Benito Mussolini-Italy
- 3. Iosif Dzhugashvili(Josef Stalin)
Define totalitarianism.
Why did totalitarianism come about in the 1920’s and 1930’s?
- 1. Post-war depression
-high inflation
-1923 420 trillion marks to one US dollar
-high unemployment
-democratic governments struggled to end depression
- 2. New nations had no experience with democratic governments
- 3. Democracy brought about a lot of political parties
- 4. Unhappy with the results of WW I
-wanted revenge
Characteristics of Totalitarian Regimes
(Tough Economic Times)
Characteristics of Totalitarian Regimes:
- 1. Tried to control people of country through fear and intimidation
-secret police force and military
- 2. Propaganda campaigns promoting the party
-press censorship and control of media
- 3. Educating the young in the ways of totalitarianism
-militarism, nationalism, imperialism, history of country
- 4. Government controlled the economy
-USSR completely
-Germany and Italy partially
- 5. All preached about the unfairness of WW I
6. Leader became iconized
-statues and painting
Time Line
1914-1941
1914
- Archduke Francis Ferdinand was killed
- World War I starts
1917
- United States enters WWI
- Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (What happened in U.S. due to this?)
1. Communists take over-Lenin
2. Becomes Soviet Union (1 924 name officially changed)
3. Pull out of WWI (Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany)
1918
- WWI comes to an end
- Treaty of Versailles is passed--What were the terms?
1. Destroys Germany
2. Later Hitler used this as a rallying cry to gain support in Germany.
1919
- Weimer Republic is set up in Germany
1. Democratic Government
1920
- League of Nations has first meeting
1. U.S. is not a member (WHY??)
2. Germany and Soviet Union are later allowed to join
1922
- Mussolini comes to power in Italy
1. Establishes Fascism (Define)
- Washington Naval Conference (Goal-Stop the arms race)
1. Naval holiday
2. 5 Power Pact (limited # of ships per country)
3. 4 Power Pact (respect each other’s rights in Pacific)
4. 9 Power Pact (Open Door Policy upheld)
1923
- Hitler writes Meih Kampf while he is in prison
1. Outlines Hitler’s ideas-racism, a powerful Germany
1926
- Germany joins the League of Nations
1927
- Josef Stalin comes to power in the Soviet Union-Succeeds Lenin
1. Wanted communism to spread over the world-different philosophy from Lenin
1929
- Kellogg- Briand Pact
1. 62 countries outlawed war
- Stock Market crashes hurting the U.S. economy
- Japanese warlords come to power
1930
- Hawley-Smoot Tariff
1. Highest U.S. tariff ever
2. U.S. trade throughout the world declined
1931
- Japan invades Manchuria-Why? (League of Nations does nothing)
- In response, U.S. declares Stimson Doctrine, condemning Japan’s action (Henry Stimson was Sec. of State
- Japan withdraws from the League of Nations
1932
- F. Roosevelt defeats Hoover in election
- Great depression is in full swing
1933
- Hitler and Nazis come to power in Germany legally
- Germany withdraws from the League of Nations
- Hitler announces economic boycott of Jews
- Franklin Roosevelt becomes President.
- U.S. recognizes Soviet Union (Arguments for and against)
- Pan-American Conference (Montevideo Pact)
1. Good Neighbor Policy is established in Latin America
-Why change to Good Neighbor Policy?
1934
- Italy attacks Ethiopia (Africa)--League of Nations does nothing
- Germany begins to rearm
- German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact (1 0 years)
- U.S. Reciprocal Trade Agreement
1. Gave President power to reduce tariffs with other countries
- U.S. repeals Platt Amendment with Cuba
- Johnson Debt Default Act(See Handout)
- Tydings-Mcduffie Act
1. Set up Philippine Commonwealth
2. Complete independence in 10 years
3. U.S. can keep naval bases however
- Nye Committee
1. Said munitions industry and bankers pushed the U.S. into WWl
2. Helped establish isolationist views in U.S.
1935
- Hitler rearms the Rhineland (along French-German border)
1. This broke the Versailles Treaty
- Nuremberg Laws are passed in Germany
1. Took away Jews political rights
2. Lost German citizenship
3. Jews could only marry Jews
4. Hitler spoke of the Aryan race
- Neutrality Act of 1 935(see handout)
1936
- Italy annexes Ethiopia (League does nothing)
- Spanish Civil War breaks out
1. Loyalists vs. Nationalists (Francisco Franco)
(Russia) (Germany and Italy)
- Rome-Berlin Axis is formed
- Anti-Comintern Pact is established between Germany, Italy, and Japan
1. Says these countries are allied together to stop communism
- Roosevelt is re-elected for his second term
- Neutrality Act of 1936(see handout)
- Inter-American Conference for Peace
1. Roosevelt declares himself “a salesman for peace”
2. The Americas promise to help defend one another
1937
- Neutrality Act of 1937(see handout)
- July- “China Incident”
1. Japan attacks China at Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing
2. Start of WWII in Asia
- October- Roosevelt gives “Quarantine Speech” Read P. 374-375
1. Countries must come together to stop the aggressor nations
- December- Panay Incident
1. Japan attacks American gunboat (Panay) in China
2. Killed 2 Americans
3. Japan did apologize for its actions
1938
- March- Hitler annexes Austria
1. Known as “Anschluss” (Union)
2. In response U.S. builds up Atlantic Navy
- Summer- Hitler takes the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
1. This was the area that had German-speaking people
- September- The Munich Conference
1. Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain (Great Britain) and Daladier (France) were present
2. Due to Hitler’s actions
3. Hitler said he was done taking over areas of Europe
4. Chamberlain and Daladier, wanting to prevent war, said o.k. - Gave in to Hitler’s actions
5. Known as the ‘Policy of Appeasement”
6. Winston Churchill disagreed with appeasement
- Kristallnacht (Crystal Night)
1. Night of the broken glass
2. Nazis broke into Jewish synagogues and business’ and destroyed them
- Concentration camps started in Germany
- U.S. starts building a two ocean navy
- Monroe Doctrine was extended to Canada
1939
- The term Genocide is first used by Hitler to answer Jewish question
- March- Spanish Civil War end-Franco wins
- Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
- April- Mussolini (ltaly) invades Albania
- August- Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact (Why important??)
- September 1 - Germany invades Poland from the west
1. Blitzkrieg- “lightning warfare”
**2. WWII officially begins
- Soviet Union invades Poland from the east
- September 3 - Great Britain and France declare war on Germany
-U.S. declares neutrality
1. Neutrality Act of 1939(see handout)
- November - Soviet Union invades Finland
-Blitzkrieg and Sitzkrieg-Explain
1940
- Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis is formed(Axis Powers)
- April - Germany attacks and gains control of Denmark and Norway
- May - Germany attacks and gains control of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
- Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain
1. Takes over for Neville Chamberlain
- June - Hitler attacks France through Belgium and gains control on June 22-- France surrendered at Compiegne (Significant-Why?)
- Mussolini attacks France from the south-Declares war on France and Great Britain
- Vichy Government is established
1. Pro-German Government in France
2. Led by Marshal Petain
- Free French Underground is established in Great Britain
1. Fought to free France
2. Led by Charles De Gaulle
- Summer and Fall - Battle of Britain starts (p. 768)
1. Germany bombed London continuously
2. Royal Air Force does very well
3. Churchill’s famous “We shall never surrender” speech
- September - Selective Training and Service Act
1. United States starts drafting 21-35 year olds
- Bases for Destroyers
1. U.S. would give Great Britain battleships and destroyers in return for military bases
- November - Roosevelt is re-elected to his third term
1. First time in U.S. history
- Smith Act
1. Made it illegal in U.S. to advocate the overthrow of the government
1941
- Nazi death camps are established
1. Started exterminating the Jews
2. Auschwitz, Treblinka
- Battle of Britain continued
1. Germany did very well at first, but as time went on, events started changing, especially with the help of the RAE
- March - Lend-Lease Act
1. U.S. would lend or loan supplies to Great Britain
2. Replaced the “cash and carry” system
- Spring - German U-boats doing very well in the Atlantic Ocean
- Atlantic Charter is drawn up
1. Roosevelt and Churchill
2. This charter set up the war aims of the U.S. and G.B.
3. Similar to Wilson’s 14 Points (What was the goal?)
1. Self-determination
2. Peace after destruction of Nazis
3. Denounced territorial gain
- June - Germany invades the Soviet Union
1. Breaks the Non-aggression Pact of 1939
2. Why was this a major mistake by Hitler?
- U.S. troops occupy Iceland
1. Done so Germany would not take it
- July - Japan invades French Indochina (Vietnam)
1. In response, U.S. places embargo on Japan-Trade stops between the two countries
2. U.S. also starts Lend-Lease with China
- Fall - Three U.S. ships are sunk in the Atlantic by German U-boats
1. In response, Roosevelt orders “shoot on sight” in safety zone
2. U.S. ships started using the convoy system
3. U.S. armed their merchant ships
- October - Tojo comes to power in Japan
- November 20 - Japanese Peace Mission to U.S.
1. Demanded three things
a. start trade up again
b. provide unlimited amounts of gas
c. stop helping China
2. U.S. refused to accept the demands
- December 7 - Pearl Harbor (Hawaii) is bombed by Japan
1. Japanese forces were led by Nagumo
2. Wake Island, Midway Island, Guam, and the Philippines were also bombed
3. Surprise attack was not as successful as Japan had hoped-- “They awoke a sleeping giant”
- December 8 - U.S. declares war on Japan
- December 11 - Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.
Why isolationism?
1. We were not happy with WWI results. It was supposed to bring peace but it did not. It was not "the war to end all wars”.
2. The League of Nations did not provide peace.
-U.S. chose wisely riot to join it
3. The Nye Committee results
-did not want that to happen again
4. We were isolated geographically-two oceans
5. The great depression was our major concern.
Isolationist Legislation
U.S ISOLATIONIST LEGISLATION PASSED IN THE INTERWAR YEARS. MUCH OF THIS
WAS DESIGNED TO KEEP THE U.S FROM GETTING INVOLVED IN ANOTHER WAR SUCH
AS WORLD WAR I.
1933-Hitler became a dictator of Germany and Roosevelt became a U.S
President. Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations.
1934-Johnson Debt Default was passed. It banned all loans to nations
that had defaulted on previous loans. Aimed specifically at nations
that didn’t repay debts from the First World War
1935-The Neutrality Act of 1935 was passed. It said that; after the
President recognized a state of war, all arms shipments to countries at war were banned.
-Hitler also started to rearm Germany, building up his Air
Force and his Navy in 1935.
1936-The Neutrality Act of 1936 did not allow the extension of loans to fighting countries and did not allow countries to purchase arms on
credit and pay them back later.
1936-In October of 1936, Hitler started to make an alliance
with Italy called the Rome-Berlin Axis. Mussolini was the
dictator of Italy during that time period.
1937- The Neutrality Act of 1937 stated that the countries at war had
to pay for weapons with cash and transport the goods on their own ships rather than United States Ship.
1938- A separate Congressional resolution allowed the President to
prohibit shipments of arms to parties involved in a civil war. This was aimed at the situation mainly in Spain.
1938-German troops crossed into Austria and took control of the country reclaiming the land for Germany which they had lost after World War I.
1939-The Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed in response of the eruption of war in Europe. This repealed the Neutrality Act of 1935. Fighting countries could now purchase arms from the United States by a cash-and-carry system.
1939-On September 1st, Germany invaded Poland. Two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany.
1939-France entered to support Poland and become an Allied nation.
1941-The United States enters the war after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Benito Mussolini’s Italy
Fascism
Born in Italy
Was expelled from school because he stabbed someone
Fascist movement began right after WW I
-people were unhappy with the results and the economy
was terrible
-people were scared that the socialists (communism) might come to power so many turned to fascism
-including King Victor Emmaneul
Benito Mussolini( Il Duce)
-hated the wealthy and catholic church
-mother forced him to go to catholic school father was an athiest
-expelled for stabbing a rich student
-unsuccessful elementary teaching career
-joined the socialist movement before during WWI
-fought for Italy in WWI-injured
-got involved in Fascist movement after the war
-became the leader of the Fascist movement
-King Victor Emmanuel asked him to be premier in 1922
-by 1926 was complete dictator of Italy
-killed political opponents-so they didn’t rise above him or come back and kill him
Fascist Ideas-government system where one person has complete control of the country
- 1. Hated communism and democracy-wanted one person to have complete control over the country not more than one
- 2. Government’s role is to protect the people of the country-nothing above the, state nothing against, the state nothing outside the state-nothing is more important than your country
- 3. Nationalism-cause of WWI and WWII leads to #4
- 4. Militarism
- 5. Imperialism- need #4 for #5
- 6. Corporativism
-industrial leaders and workers must work well together
-detested capitalist’s greedy ways
- 7. Made Catholicism the national religion
-Mussolini hated religion but realized he nneded an alliance with the Catholic Church
-brought many Catholics to support Mussolini
-required cotholicism to be taught in school
- 8. Efficiency and order were very important
-Mussolini “made the trains run on time”
Mussolini’s fascism was not as strict as Nazism
-allowed monarchy to continue
-allowed the Catholic Church to continue
-allowed capitalism and large landowners to exist
What did countries do to make sure WWI was the War to End all wars?—1.
1. League of Nations
2. Kellog briand pact
3. Washington naval conference
4. Power Pact reduced naval size
5. power pact- respect possessions in pacific
6. power pact- open door policy
- Free Trade-China
Adolf Hitler
- born in 1889 in Austria
- dropped out of school at 16
- wanted to be and artist and architect
- failed to get into art school
Anti-somatic- anti Jew
- moved to Germany in 1913
- joined German Army when WWI broke out
- was wounded twice (once by gas)
- won numerous medals
- accepted the “stab in the back” theory— republics accepted the treaty
- hated Weimer Republic
- joined the Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi) after WWI
- voted Fuhrer (Leader) of the Nazi Party in 1921
- Nazi party attracted the following groups of people:
1. Manual laborers
2. Former soldiers
3. Adventurers and misfits
- The Nazi Party:
1. was violently nationalistic
2. was anti-Semitic (anti-Jew)
3. Hated the democratic Weimer Republic
4. talked of the Volk (German common people) superiority
Russia/Soviet Union/USSR
Russia dropped out of WW I due to the Bolshevik Revolution
Economically, it was in terrible shape
Vladimir Ulyanov(Lenin)
Lenin emerged as the leader of the communists.
Lenin was a big Marxist supporter
-Marx never outlined how exactly to reach a classless society so Lenin and the government took control of the economy and farms with a promise to eventually give it back to the peasants.
Lenin organized the country into a federation of republics
- The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Lenin died in 1924
Power struggled ensued between Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin.
Stalin would win.
Josef Stalin
Wanted to focus on building up the Soviet Union’s economy
Eliminated political opponents in great purges(800,000)
Wanted nationalization and collectivization of the economy
-gov’t took control of industry(nationalization)
-abolished private ownership(upset Kulaks)
-forced peasants to merge their land into large collective
farms(collectivization)
The Kulaks resisted and Stalin used the secret police to kill them
Stalin admitted that at least 10 million people died due to collectivization and famine
Five Year Plans
-Stalin’s idea of economic growth for industry and
agriculture
-Goals were to be met in a five year time frame
-Wasn’t until the third 5 Year Plan did the economy start
to improve
Comments