Thursday March 15th

[6Logan]

QUIZ FRIDAY MARCH 16TH AND MONDAY MARCH 19TH

Japan

Dictatorship also came to Japan

          -not through a political party but the military

 History

-rich military tradition

          -feudal clans fought each other for dominance in Japan

 -The Emperor presided over the Japanese government

          -came form divine origin

          -descendent of the Sun Goddess

          -played minor role in the government

          -he was above politics

          -shogun had the political power

                   -ruled in the name of the Emperor

 Japanese society

1.      Landowning clans dominated

-protected by the samurai

 2.      Wealthy merchant class

 3.      Peasants

-most of the people of Japan

 Japan was very isolated until 1853 when US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed in to Japan and forced them to open their ports

 In the late 1800’s many Japanese were tired of being controlled by foreign countries.

-adopted western ways in hopes to keep Western Powers out of their country

1.     heavy industry

2.     modern army

3.     strong navy

Showed off new power in several wars

1.     Sino-Japanese War

-1894-95

-Japan won

 2.     Russo-Japanese War

-1904-05

-Japan shocked the world by beating Russia

-gained partial control of Manchuria

 3.     World War I

-allied with the US

-gained German Islands in the Pacific after the war

 1920’s

-gave all men the right to vote

-signed the 4, 5 and 9 Power Pacts

-joined the League of Nations

-signed the Kellog-Briand Pact

 1930’s

 -Great Depression changed everything

-people blamed the government for tough times

-military leaders stepped in and took control

          -said Japan had to expand in to Asia to help economy

          -assassinated political leaders that opposed them

          -took away people’s rights

 Japanese Military Honor

 1.     fight to the death

2.     commit suicide rather than surrender

3.     gekokujo

-open defiance of superior officers by junior officers

     -seen as a positive thing

     -shows the spirit of the soldier

Invasion of manchuria.

• The League of Nations couldn't enforce its authority. A major power could get away with using force, Great Britain and France wanted to avoid war at all costs, other powers would see this as a sign that they too could get away with anything.

Ehiopid Invaded by Mussolini in 1936

• Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in AFrica at the 1896 battle of Adua.
• One of the worst colonial disasters of modern history
• Feb. 23, 1935, Ital sends large forces into Ethiopia
• League of Nations put economic sanctions to italy

Appeasement Policy

• A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to an aggressor       
• Great Britain and France used this throughout the 1930's
• Helped give Japan, Italy and Germany confidence that they would face no consequences for their actions
• considered to be a huge mistake by historians         

In 1937 Japan invaded China           

Munich Pact- Appeasement

• Germany was given Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia

• Czech had the option to accept or deal with Germany

• Czech lost 3.5 million people to Germany

• Czechoslovakia lost it's defensible orders and fortifications.

HITLER TOOK THE REST OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA in MARCH of 1939

• British prime Minister Neville Chamberlain started taking Nazi Germany and Hitler much more seriously after this
• inston Churchill had warned about this happening
• rest Britain and France started mobilizing war
• Nazi Soviet non-aggression pact-1939 German ambassador bon Ribbentrop and Soviet dictator Stalin laugh as Molotov signs the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression pact

1. Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons
2. Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war
3. Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Germany would get the western half and USSR the eastern half

Blitzrieg

• Air force attacks enemy front-line and rear positions main roads, airfields and communication centers. At the same time, infantry attacks on the entire front line and engages enemy.
• Tank units breakthrough main lines of defense and advance deeper into enemy territory. While following, mechanized units pursue and engage defenders preventing them from establishing defensive positions. Infantry continues to engage enemy for the same reason.
• Infantry attacks enemy flanks in order to link up with other groups to complete the attack and eventually encircle the enemy and/or capture strategic position.
• Mechanized groups go deeper into the enemy territory outflanking the enemy positions from establishing effective defensive positions.
• Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the enemy
• Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible.

Tripartite Pact is signed Axis Powers (German, Italy, Japan)

Allied Powers (Great Britain, Soviet Union, US, China, France, Australia, Canada)

Maginot Line

• Was aline ofconcrete fortifications built by the french to create tank obstacles artillery casemate, machine gun posts, and other defenses
• France constructed this alongss its borders with Germany and Italy after what happened to them in WW1

Nazi Goals in the Battle of Britain

• Destroy the Royal Air Force (Hopefully by September 15th)
• Attack and destroy the British Navy
• Attack British Troops
• After gaining air superiority, the invasion of Great Britain would begin if G.B. had not already surrendered
• Germany never succeeded in achieving #1
• German bombers did so poorly against the RAF that they started bombing at night only-randomly attacking cities
• Great Britain was aided heavily by the radar and Ultra

German Invasion os USSR- June

• Final Plan for operation Barbarossa
• Largest Military operation in hirstoy in bothh manpower and casualities
• Lenengrad, Moscow, Stalingrad
• Stalin demanded that

The Atlantic Charter- FDR/Churchill

• August 1941
• Set Up the wa goals of the US and GreatBritain
• No territorial gain
• no territorial changes without the peoples support from those countries
• Self-determination
• Free Trade
• Destruction of the Nazis and then setting up a peaceful government in Germany
• Freedom of the seas
• Abandon the use of force, disarmament and a stronger League of Nations
  

Pearl Harbor

In July, 1941, Japan invaded French Indochina

 In response, the US stops trading with Japan

 Due to embargo, Japan felt it had three options:

1.     abandon ambitions in South East Asia

2.     compromise with the US

3.     attack Dutch and British possessions in the Pacific and US bases in the Pacific

 Yamamoto felt that if Japan had any chance of winning a war against the US it must destroy the US Pacific fleet in a surprise attack

 A surprise attack would give Japan at least six months to dominate SE Asia unopposed

 Japan thought that the US then would face a long, bloody struggle and would settle for a negotiated peace that would allow Japan to do as it pleased in Asia

 Tojo replaces Konoye as Premier of Japan.  Konoye wanted to negotiate with the US. Tojo didn’t and had a low regard of the US

 Tojo wanted war but Emperor Hirohito wanted on last peace attempt.

Japan offered this:

1. Open door policy everywhere and Japan would withdraw from  

 French Indochina

2. US would stop Lend-Lease Aid to China and start trading with Japan again

3. Japan would start peace talks with China

 US refused plan on November 29^th

 US took a hard line stance with Japan now because we had deciphered their diplomatic code(Magic) and knew that they had some type of attack plan. 

 Magic Information

          “November 29^th is the deadline”

          “things are automatically going to happen”

 Japan felt that the key to success in the Pacific was air and sea power

-especially launching airplanes from aircraft carriers and submarines attacking enemy ships

 -Japan had ten aircraft carriers to our three in the Pacific(based in Pearl Harbor)

Japanese Pearl Harbor Attack Plan

1.     destroy three aircraft carriers, eight battleships, seven cruisers and other small ships

2.     attack Wake Island and Guam

3.     attack Malay and Hong Kong

4.     attack Philippines, Dutch East Indies and Burma

 Japanese attack force consisted of:

1.     Six aircraft carriers

2.     360 airplanes

-Kate High level bombers

-dive and torpedo bombers

-Zero fighters

3.     two battleships, three cruisers, eight destroyers

 Admiral Nagumo commanded the force

 To succeed, Japan had to travel 3,500 miles without being detected.  That meant absolute radio silence and travelling through a vast, lonely expanse of the Pacific Ocean.  This attack had to be a complete surprise.

 “Backdoor to War” Conspiracy

DECLARED WAR ON DECEMBER 8th 1941