Thursday, March 15th

[6Freund]

*Appeasement Policy- A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to an aggressor

• Great Britian and France used this policy throughout the 1930's
• Helped give Japan, Italy, and Germany confidence that they would face no consequences for their actions
• Considered to be a huge mistake by historians

 

*Panay Incident 1937

• U.S. continues trading
• We were concerned about the property and the people there.
• It was attacked by two Japenese airplanes
• Japanese apologized about killing two Americans on the boat
• We started moving apart after this incident

 

*Anschluss with Austria 1938

• Anschluss in German means Union
• Hitler faced no consequences
• Didn't do anything to prevent it, so they accepted it

 

*Sudetenland/Munich Conference 1938

• Area on the western border of Czechoslovakia
• He wanted to unite German speeching peoples

 

*Munich Conference

• Heville Chamberlain-Great Britian
• Adolf Hitler-Germany
• Benito Mussilino-Italy
• Edouard Daladier-France

 

*Munich Pact -Appeasement

• Germany was given the Sudentenland of Czechoslovakia
• Czechoslovakia had the option to accept Pact or deal with Germany itself
• Czechoslovakia lost its defensible borders and fortifications
• Czechoslovakia also lost 70% of its iron/steel, 70% of its electrical power and 3.5 million citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement

 

*Munich Conference Chamberlain, "Peace for our time"

*Hiltler takes the rest of Czechoslovaskia on March 1939

*British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain started taking Nazi Germany and Hitler much more seriously after this

*Winston Churchilll had warned about this happening (Hitler taking the rest of Czechoslovakia)

*Great Britain and France started mobilizing for war

 

*Nazi Soviet Non-aggression Pact 1939

• German ambassador von Ribbentrop and Soviet dictator Stalin laugh as Molotov signs the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939

 

*Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact

• Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons
• Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war
• Secretly afreed to invade and split Poland. Germany would get the western half and USSR the eastern half
• Russia would get Finland, Estonia, and Lastivia and Germany would get Lithuania

 

*How did people react to this Pact?

• Shock
• Poland was in a very tough spot
• Hitler thought it would force Great Britain and France to back out of their promise to help Poland if attacked

 

*Blitzkrieg-Lightening War

• Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible (Germans)
• Most countries now focused on defensive tatics
• They started to think they were unbeatable
• Its all about confusing and terrorizing the enemy
• Take out transportation and communication.
• Infantry attacks enemy flanks in order to link up with other groups to complete the attack and eventually encirlce the enemy and or capture strategic position
• Encircle and trap the enemy
• Hitler was able to tour Poland

 

*Sitzkrieg-The Phony War

• Nothing was happening during the war
• Mobilizing for war, during the winter

 

*Tripartite Pact is signed Axis Powers

• Main Powers-Germany, Italy, and Japan,
• Other Powers- Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania
• Allied Powers- Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, China, France, Australia and Canada
• Latin America

 

*German Invasion of Denmark and Norway April 1940

 

*Maginot Line

• Maginot line=visual visit-thionville fortification system
• Was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other defenses
• France constructed this along its borders with Germany and Italy after what happened to them in WW2
• Built from 1930-1940

 

*Miracle of Dunkirk

*German Advances until the Armistice Battle of France June 4-22 1940

 

*Vichy Government

• Led by Marshal Henri Petain
• Nazi lap-dog

 

*Free French Underground

• Led by Charles de Gaulle
• Charles was the president of France
• France was an Alli power

 

*Europe prior to the Battle of Britain July 1940

 

*Nazi Goals

• Destroy the Royal Air Force (before invasion was possible-hopefully by 9-15)
• Attack and destroy the British Navy
• Attack British troops
• After gaining air superiority, the invasion of Great Britain would be begin if Great Britain had not already surrendered
• Germany never succeeded in achieving #1
• German bombers did so poorly against the RAF that they started bombing at night only randomly attacking cities
• Great Britain was aided heavily by the radar and Ultra

 

*Operation Sea Lion= Never Happened

*Winston Churchill

 

*Luftwaffe

• Messerschmitt Bf 109
• People that were bombing for Germany

 

*Bases for Destroyers September 1940

• Great Britain gives us 99 year leases on the following bases
• Antigua, British Guiana, Jamaica, St Lucia, Bermuda, Newfoundland, Trinidad

 

*FDR signs the Lend-Lease Act

• We would lend them a ship and they give it back after the war
• If the ship was lost then just give us the one of there ships

 

*Lend Lease Aid

 

*The U-Boat Warfare

 

*German Invasion of USSR June 1941

• Final Plan for Operation Barbarossa
• Largest military operation in history in both manpower and casualties

 

*Scorched Earth Policy

• Stalin demanded this of the Soviet troops as they retreated

 

*Battle of Moscow: September 30- December 5, 1931

*The Soviet Winter Counter offensive: December 6, 1941- April 30 1932

 

*Atlantic Charter

• Set up war goals of the US and Great Britain on August of 1941
• No territorial gain
• No territiorial changes without the peoples support from those countries
• Self-determination
• Free trade
• Freedom on the Seas
• Abandon the use of force, disarmament and a stronger League of Nation
• Destrucion of the Nzis and then setting up a peaceful government in Germany

 

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Pearl Harbor

 

*In July, 1941, Japan invaded French Indochina

 

*In response, the US stops trading with Japan

 

*Due to embargo, Japan felt it had three options:

• Abandon ambitions in South East Asia
• Compromise with the US
• Attack Dutch and British possessions in the Pacific and US bases in the Pacific

 

*Yamamoto felt that if Japan had any chance of winning a war against the US it must destroy the US Pacific fleet in a surprise attack

 

*A surprise attack would give Japan at least six months to dominate SE Asia unopposed

 

*Japan thought that the US then would face a long, bloody struggle and would settle for a negotiated peace that would allow Japan to do as it pleased in Asia

 

*Tojo replaces Konoye as Premier of Japan.  Konoye wanted to negotiate with the US. Tojo didn’t and had a low regard of the US

 

*Japanese Leaders

• Hideki Tojo
• Emperor Hirohito

 

*Tojo wanted war but Emperor Hirohito wanted on last peace attempt.

*Japan offered this:

• Open door policy everywhere and Japan would withdraw from French Indochina
• US would stop Lend-Lease Aid to China and start trading with Japan again
• Japan would start peace talks with China

 

*US refused plan on November 29^th

 

*US took a hard line stance with Japan now because we had deciphered their diplomatic code(Magic) and knew that they had some type of attack plan. 

 

*Magic Information

•  “November 29^th is the deadline”
•  “Things are automatically going to happen”

 

 

*Japan felt that the key to success in the Pacific was air and sea power

-especially launching airplanes from aircraft carriers and submarines attacking enemy ships

 

*Japan had ten aircraft carriers to our three in the Pacific(based in Pearl Harbor)

 

*Japanese Pearl Harbor Attack Plan

• Destroy three aircraft carriers, eight battleships, seven cruisers and other small ships at Pearl Harbor
• Attack Wake Island and Guam
• Attack Malay and Hong Kong
• Attack Philippines, Dutch East Indies and Burma

 

*Japanese attack force consisted of:

• Six aircraft carriers
• 360 airplanes
• Kate High level bombers
• Dive and torpedo bombers
• Zero fighters
• Two battleships, three cruisers, eight destroyers

 

*Admiral Nagumo commanded the force

*To succeed, Japan had to travel 3,500 miles without being detected.  That meant absolute radio silence and travelling through a vast, lonely expanse of the Pacific Ocean.  This attack had to be a complete surprise.

*“Backdoor to War” Conspiracy

• FDR wanted Japan to attack us