The Rape of Nanking- 1937- The city was destroyed through bombing. Thousands of civilians were killed by Japan soldiers. Also, many were gang-raped by Japan soldiers.
Quarantine Speech- 1937- Was a famous speech given by FDR- New Deal policies began to foreclose and started pushing his focus on what was happening over seas. (Europe and Asia) --start isolating Germany, Japan, and Italy.
Appeasement Policy- "A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to an agressor."
Appeasement- try to satisfy or please someone to avoid conflict.
In 1937- Panay Incident- The first step to try push the Americas and Japan apart.
Anschluss with Austria- 1938- Anschluss is union in Germany. Germany is uniting with Austria.
Sudetenland/Munich Conference- 1938- Hitler wanted this piece of land in Czechslovakia.
"to reunite german speaking peoples"
Munich Conference: Great Britain, Germany, Italy, France.
Munich Pact- Appeasment- Germany was given Sudentenland of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia had the option to accept Pact or deal with Germany itself. -- Lost iron/steel and its electrical power. Lost all of their defense system. --Lost 3.5 million to Germany.
1939- Hitler breaks his promise and takes the rest of Czechoslovakia.
British Prime minister, Winston Churchill believes to start taking Hitler more seriously.
-He had warned about this happening (Hitler taking the rest of Czechoslovakia.
Great Britain and France started mobilizing for the war.
Nazi-Soviet Non-agression Pact- 1939- Signed between Stalin and Hitler- Agreed to not fight.
-Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons.
-Both agreed to stay nuetral if the other entered the war.
-Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Germany-Western, Russia-Eastern
-Russia would get Finland, Estonia, and Lativa.
^^paved the way to the war.
^^^People also acted very SHOCKED to this Pact. - Hitler believed that Great Britain and France now wouldn't declare war to them, and back down.
Invasion of Poland- Germany got control-- Defeated Poland.
Blitzkrieg-Lightning War
Goal: was to achieve victory as quickly as possible.
^^See US history page for more notes:
Slitzkreig-The Phony War-
Axis Powers.: Italy, Germany and Japan.
Allied Powers: Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, China, France, Australia and Canada.
German Invasion of Denmark and Norway-April, 1940- Water was a hassle. -Germany had a big victory.
French and German plans for the Battle of France 1940- Took over France in a month, and didn't have to worry about the Soviet Union.
Maginot Line- Was a line of concrete fortifications, tank, obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other defenses. Built from 1930-1940. -Constructed this along its border with Germany and Italy after what happened to them in WWI.
Battle of France-
Mircale of Dunkirk- 100,000 of soldiers were saved by ships.
German Advances until the Armistice Battle of France-
Vichy Government- Led by Marshal Henri Petain- Working with Hitler; Same Hitler views.
Free French Underground- Led by Charles de Gualle- Based in London (Great Britain)- Free France from German control.
In 1940, Many European countries were taken control of. -One country still standing- Great Britain.
Battle of Britain- Invade Great Britain and take it over. -Hitler respects them, he tried at first just to allow them to surrender. -He bombed them, day and night.
Nazi Goals:
1) Destroy the Royal Air force- Air superiory.
2) Attack and destroy the British Navy.
3) Attack British Soliders.
4) After gaining air superiority, the invasion of Great Britain would begin if G.B. had not already surrendered.
^^^Germany never succeeded in #1.
-German bombers did so poorly against the RAF that they started bombing at night-only attacking cities.
-Great Britain was aided heavily by the radar and Ultra-having the German "playbooks"
Luftwaffe-Herman Goering
Bases for Destroyers- Great Britain need destroyers so we gave them ships, and they gave us naval bases.
1940 Election- FDR and Wendell Wilkie- FDR won.
Lend-Lease Act-We would lend items and resources, and expecting to get them back after the war or if things got destroyed, get those items repaid somehow.
Battle of Atlantic- What side is going to get the more goods and stuff--Trying to keep the bad guy from getting goods. Germany was winning the war in the beginning.
June of 1941- German Invasion of USSR- Final Plan for Operation Barbarossa-largest military operation in history in both manpower and casualties.-- Hitler beleived if he good took control of Moscow, Stanligrad, Leningrad then he could win that war.
Scorched Earth Policy- Stalin demanded that they destroy their country so if Hitler did take over, he wouldn't benefit from the invasion.
Atlantic Charter- FDR meets with Winston Churchill and drafted the Atlantic Charter- Set up the war goals of the US and Great Britain. -FDR was waiting for some good reason to go to war. Some things that came out of the Altantic Charter-
-Free Trade
-No territorial gain.
-Self-Determination for all countries (No communism)
-Freedom of the seas.
Pearl Harbor
In July, 1941, Japan invaded French Indochina
In response, the US stops trading with Japan
Due to embargo, Japan felt it had three options:
- 1. abandon ambitions in South East Asia
- 2. compromise with the US
- 3. attack Dutch and British possessions in the Pacific and US bases in the Pacific
Yamamoto felt that if Japan had any chance of winning a war against the US it must destroy the US Pacific fleet in a surprise attack
A surprise attack would give Japan at least six months to dominate SE Asia unopposed
Japan thought that the US then would face a long, bloody struggle and would settle for a negotiated peace that would allow Japan to do as it pleased in Asia
Tojo replaces Konoye as Premier of Japan. Konoye wanted to negotiate with the US. Tojo didn’t and had a low regard of the US
Tojo wanted war but Emperor Hirohito wanted on last peace attempt.
Japan offered this:
1. Open door policy everywhere and Japan would withdraw from
French Indochina
2. US would stop Lend-Lease Aid to China and start trading with Japan again
3. Japan would start peace talks with China
US refused plan on November 29th
US took a hard line stance with Japan now because we had deciphered their diplomatic code(Magic) and knew that they had some type of attack plan.
Magic Information
“November 29th is the deadline”
“things are automatically going to happen”
Japan felt that the key to success in the Pacific was air and sea power
-especially launching airplanes from aircraft carriers and submarines attacking enemy ships
Japan had ten aircraft carriers to our three in the Pacific(based in Pearl Harbor)
Japanese Pearl Harbor Attack Plan
- 1. destroy three aircraft carriers, eight battleships, seven cruisers and other small ships
- 2. attack Wake Island and Guam
- 3. attack Malay and Hong Kong
- 4. attack Philippines, Dutch East Indies and Burma
Japanese attack force consisted of:
- 1. Six aircraft carriers
- 2. 360 airplanes
-Kate High level bombers
-dive and torpedo bombers
-Zero fighters
- 3. two battleships, three cruisers, eight destroyers
Admiral Nagumo commanded the force
To succeed, Japan had to travel 3,500 miles without being detected. That meant absolute radio silence and travelling through a vast, lonely expanse of the Pacific Ocean. This attack had to be a complete surprise.
“Backdoor to War” Conspiracy
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