Japanese Invasion of Manchuria.
- What did this situation prove?-
- The league of nations could not enforce it's authority.
- A major power could get away with using force.
- Great Britain and France wanted to avoid war at all cost.
- The league loses it's most powerful member in the Far- East- Japan
Roosevelt was a better president then Hoover
- Good Neighbor Policy.
- FDR realized we had to become better neighbors for two reasons
- Trade- good because of the great Depression
- making sure that our neighbors did not have allies with our neighboring policies. To keep Mussolini and Hitler out of there
Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini 1936
- Italy lost it's Ethiopia colon in Africa at the 1896 battle of Adua
- One of the worst colonial disasters of modern history
- Feb 23, 1935, Italy sends large forces into Ethiopia
- Oct 7, 1935, league of nations declared Italy the aggressor.
- They wanted to control the Mediterranean Sea and Africa
- Italy got it's revenge and won
- -Nov 1935 leagues sanctions beign
- arms embargo, financial embargo, no importation of Italian goods
- Feb 1936-League could not agrre on critical oil sanction mainly because FDR refused - US controlled 50% of trade
- Feb 29, 1936-FDR singed the 1936 nuetratlity act
- May 5- Italy occupied Addis Acaba- Annexed Ethiopia
- Mandatory arms embargo with warring nations
- Mandatory ban of laons to warring Nations
The Spanish Civil War 1936-39
- Generalissimo Francisco Franco
- Hitler helped him come to power, but they were not really allies
Rome- Berlin Axis 1936
- Was the official Alliance between of Germany and Italy that the world would run through Rome and Berlin their two
- China was With Japan, and Soviet Was with Japan- They bit of more than they could chew China was just way to huge. China proved too much for Japan. They Japanese and the Chinese do not get along. They would trade them really bad. Civilians were killed. Infants and children were raped, and they were stabbed in different parts of their body. This is were the Japanese were painted as terrible people. Rape of Nanking 1937
Quarantine Speech 1937
- He said that the all the countries of the world need to come together, and take over all the bad countries from expanding. This is were Roosevelt started to takes sides. The bad countries need to be Quarantined
Appeasement Policy
- A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by makng concession to an aggressor.
- -Helped give Japan, And Italy, and Germany confidence thatthey would face no consequences for their action.
- Considered to be a huge mistake by historians.
- It was a huge mistake by avoiding all the things that those countries were doing.
- sometimes you have to use force to get them to back down.
Panay Incident 1937
- Japan attacked the ship, when the U.S went to recover some people, and to protect their interest. The ship was headed to China. Japan apologized, and we kept on trading with them.
Anschluss With Austria 1938
- German word for Union. Austria asked to be part of Germany, and Hitler was born in Austral. This was an example of appeasement. They let Hitler take Austria without any consequences.
Sudetenland/Munich Conference-1938
- was a park of Czechoslovakia- all he wanted was to reunited the German speaking people.
Leaders
- Neville Chamberlain- Great Britain
- Adolf Hitler- Germany
- Benito Mussolini- Italy
- Edouard Daladier- France
What happened
- Germany was given the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
- Czechoslovakia had to option to accept the pact or deal with Germany itself.
- Czechoslovakia lots it's defensible borders and fortifications
- Czechoslovakia also lost 70% of its iron, 70%, of its electrical power and 3.5 citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement
- Hitler promised not to take anymore more land. He promised he was done. I was Lie. He told them exactly what they wanted to hear, and back stabbed them in the back . Then he took the rest of the country in March 1939. It was the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic
- Chamberlain was seen as a hero " Peace of Our time" but only for another year.
- Winston Churchill criticized the appeasement policy
- The prime minister Chamberlain started taking Germany and Hitler more seriously
- Great Britain and France started mobilizing for war. Winston Churchill said I told you so!
- Nazi- Soviet Non-aggression fact 1939
- -He realized that he could not fight a war because he was going to be attack from all sides. The Soviet was not officially part of the axis power. They were buddies but not really. Soviets did not want to worry about Germany and Germany did not want to worry about the Soviets. Hitler hated Communism, and that's why he hated the Soviets.
- Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons
- Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war.
- Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland, Germany would get the western half and the USSR the eastern half
Reaction?
- shock, Poland was in a though spot, Hitler thought ti would force Great Britain and France to back out of their promises to help Poland if attacked. Poland was really weak. Hitler was wrong with this idea
Blitzkrieg-
- Lightning war. Wining as quickly as possible.
- Attack first with airplanes, and take out enemy airplanes, and air crafts, and communication
- -So the tanks and troops are invading, and Mechanized units trucks with troops. Trying to quickly trapped the enemy on both sides. It send out the message that Germany was unbeatable because they beat France after a month.
Sitzkrieg-
- /sitting war /The phony war
- -everyone had declared war but nothing was happening
Triparatite Pact is signed- axis Powers
- -Germany, Italy, Japn
- others- Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Thailand, Hungary
Allied Powers
- -Britain, Soviet Union, United States, China, France, Canada, Australia
- Latin- Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico,
- -Most of the world was on our side.
Control of the North Sea-
- Was critical, but it was not difficult to take over Norway and Denmark in April 1940
The battle of France,-
- Germany used the same plan as they did in WW1, but were successful. The Bonshiflan Plan.
- Maginot Line- Was a line of concrete fortifications tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun post, and other defenses,
- France constructed this along its border with Germany and Italy after what happened to them in WW1
- But from 1930-1940
- City in Begium French, British, and Belgian Forces, were evacuated to Britain from Belgium get our of Dunkirk it was a victory that we saved all those peoples lives.
- Defeat of France- Hitlers crowing moment
Vichy Government-
- Government in France that Hitter allowed to keep in control of southern France- helped round of French Jews to Concentration camps- Led by marshal Henry Petain. Pro Germany
Free French Underground-
- Charles De Gualle- Commander of French forces that would partake in the D- day invasion- the goal was to free France form German Control- like the Underground railroad, not underground but just a secrete
Great Britain only Country left standing-
- Hitler Respected G.B he believed they were Aryans, he respected them, so he had no choice but to take them over. That never happened
- Battle of Britain- he wanted to boomed Britain in submission-
Nazi Goals
- Destroy the Royal Air force- Before invasion was possible-hopefully by 9-15
- Attack and Destroy The British Navy
- Attack British Troops
- After gaining air superiority, the invasion of Great Britain would begin if G. B had not already surrendered
- He never even achieved goal number 1.
- German bombers did so poorly against the RAF that thety started bombing at night only- randomly attacking cites- that way people would surrender, by fear, Business, houses, churches would get hit.
- *** G.B was aided heavily by radar and Ultra- Top secret until the 1970's- one of the top reason we won the war- we were able to intercept and decipher Germany's codes.
Japan
Dictatorship also came to Japan
-not through a political party but the military
History
-rich military tradition
-feudal clans fought each other for dominance in Japan
-The Emperor presided over the Japanese government
-came form divine origin
-descendent of the Sun Goddess
-played minor role in the government
-he was above politics
-shogun had the political power
-ruled in the name of the Emperor
Japanese society
- 1. Landowning clans dominated
-protected by the samurai
- 2. Wealthy merchant class
- 3. Peasants
-most of the people of Japan
Japan was very isolated until 1853 when US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed in to Japan and forced them to open their ports
In the late 1800’s many Japanese were tired of being controlled by foreign countries.
-adopted western ways in hopes to keep Western Powers out of their country
- 1. heavy industry
- 2. modern army
- 3. strong navy
Showed off new power in several wars
- 1. Sino-Japanese War
-1894-95
-Japan won
- 2. Russo-Japanese War
-1904-05
-Japan shocked the world by beating Russia
-gained partial control of Manchuria
- 3. World War I
-allied with the US
-gained German Islands in the Pacific after the war
1920’s
-gave all men the right to vote
-signed the 4, 5 and 9 Power Pacts
-joined the League of Nations
-signed the Kellog-Briand Pact
1930’s
-Great Depression changed everything
-people blamed the government for tough times
-military leaders stepped in and took control
-said Japan had to expand in to Asia to help economy
-assassinated political leaders that opposed them
-took away people’s rights
Japanese Military Honor
- 1. fight to the death
- 2. commit suicide rather than surrender
- 3. gekokujo
-open defiance of superior officers by junior officers
-seen as a positive thing
-shows the spirit of the soldier
Pearl Harbor
In July, 1941, Japan invaded French Indochina
In response, the US stops trading with Japan
Due to embargo, Japan felt it had three options:
- 1. abandon ambitions in South East Asia
- 2. compromise with the US
- 3. attack Dutch and British possessions in the Pacific and US bases in the Pacific
Yamamoto felt that if Japan had any chance of winning a war against the US it must destroy the US Pacific fleet in a surprise attack
A surprise attack would give Japan at least six months to dominate SE Asia unopposed
Japan thought that the US then would face a long, bloody struggle and would settle for a negotiated peace that would allow Japan to do as it pleased in Asia
Tojo replaces Konoye as Premier of Japan. Konoye wanted to negotiate with the US. Tojo didn’t and had a low regard of the US
Tojo wanted war but Emperor Hirohito wanted on last peace attempt.
Japan offered this:
1. Open door policy everywhere and Japan would withdraw from
French Indochina
2. US would stop Lend-Lease Aid to China and start trading with Japan again
3. Japan would start peace talks with China
US refused plan on November 29th
US took a hard line stance with Japan now because we had deciphered their diplomatic code(Magic) and knew that they had some type of attack plan.
Magic Information
“November 29th is the deadline”
“things are automatically going to happen”
Japan felt that the key to success in the Pacific was air and sea power
-especially launching airplanes from aircraft carriers and submarines attacking enemy ships
Japan had ten aircraft carriers to our three in the Pacific(based in Pearl Harbor)
Japanese Pearl Harbor Attack Plan
- 1. destroy three aircraft carriers, eight battleships, seven cruisers and other small ships
- 2. attack Wake Island and Guam
- 3. attack Malay and Hong Kong
- 4. attack Philippines, Dutch East Indies and Burma
Japanese attack force consisted of:
- 1. Six aircraft carriers
- 2. 360 airplanes
-Kate High level bombers
-dive and torpedo bombers
-Zero fighters
- 3. two battleships, three cruisers, eight destroyers
Admiral Nagumo commanded the force
To succeed, Japan had to travel 3,500 miles without being detected. That meant absolute radio silence and travelling through a vast, lonely expanse of the Pacific Ocean. This attack had to be a complete surprise.
“Backdoor to War” Conspiracy
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