Nile River Valley:
-the Nile River valley is located in Africa and goes through Egypt
-it was necessary for farming
-they used the river for traveling
-its the longesr river in the world (4150 miles)
Geography:
the nile would flood every year from July to November
-The flooding was important because it brought new rich soil for the Egyptians
-It also washed away all of the waste
-the surrounding seas protected them from war and disease
How the River Worked:
-the river was used for transportation since it runs north and south
-the valley contains deposits of granite,sandstone,and limestone which were used for building materials
Farming:
-they used hand soughs
-had oxen pull larger soughs
0they used goats and other animals to walk the ground after planting to pack the seeds down
-crops: barley,leeks,garlic,wheat,lentils,turnips,plums,melons,figs,flax,onions,beans,lettuce,radishes,grapes,and cabbages.
Harvest:
-used sickles to cut grain;tied them into bundles and carried them away
-wheat=bread
-barley=beer
-flax linen cloth
-papyrus reeds gre lalong the nile made into sandals mats baskets boats and paper
culture:
-religion: Polytheistic:multiple gods
-they built pyramids
-traveled on large boats
-their economy depended mostly on the farmers
Social Structure:
-King
-Ruling Class
-Craftsman
-Farmers
-Marginalized groups
-Slaves
Conclusion:
-was necessary for life in the early nile river valley civilizations
-it helped them with traveling,farming,and building
Empires Rose: see powerpoint
The Babylonian Empire
The Babylonian Empire (Continued)
The First Dynasty
The First Dynasty (Continued)
The First Dynasty (Continued)
The Second Dynasty
The Second Dynasty (Continued)
The Second Dynasty (Continued)
(Continued)
(Continued)
-area where the first civilizations were
-were defferent civilizations,mostly broken up into city states
Cities by the river:
-khorsabad
-nineveh
-Kish
-kutu
Uruk:
-founded 5000 B.C
-50,000-80,000 people in its 6 km by 6 km walls
-made it the largest city in the world at the time
Nippur:
-considered a sacred group
-founded around 5000 B.C
-hit its peak around 2500 B.C
-special place of the worship to the Sumerian God,Enlil,ruler of cosmos
Nineveh:
-oldest city
-founded around 6000 B.C
-by 3000 B.C they became very religious, worshiping the goddess Ishtar
-an earthquake destroyed the first temple if Ishtar
-later rebuilt in 2260 B.C
How Mesopotamia River worked:
-two rivers are Tigris and Euphrates
-the valley between the tigris and Euphrated was known as the land between the rivers
-there was neer a regular supply of water in Mesopotamia but the soil was so enriched over the years by the layers of silt which is material deposited by the two rivers.
Geography:
-in between Tigris and Euphrates river in Iraq
-Mesopotamia is mainly desert in the north and mainly marshes,lagoons,and mudflats in the south
-the south gets a lot of rain. mostly crops are grown there and the rivers irrigate the crops in the dry seasons
-its 5800 squ mile area
-the trade routes of how they would get there money and food
Trade routes between Mesopotamia:
-traded animals,wine,donkeys,gemstones,camels,pottery, and horses
-a lot of the trading was done with the Persians and ancient indis,but they also traded with Afghanistan and Egypt
-All of the trading was done between 4000 and 6000 B.C
Culture/Technology:
-used cuneifrom to write
-uses a base 60 numeral system
-used advanced mathematics
-invented the wheel
-only sons and prominent people could go to school
religion:
-believed the world was a flat disk
-the sea was all around earth top bottom and sides
-the universe had been born of these waters
-they were pllystheistic society-believe in many guys
-they were a patriarchal society-fathers were head of household
Sports:
-hunting
-wrestling
-plo,but with men sitting on the shoulders of other men
-Majore-sport similar to rugby
Government:
-were monarchy-led by queen and king
-first code of laws
-they believed that their rulers were descendants of gods
-broken up into a city-state system
Indus Civilizations:
Geography:
-father of rivers
-originated form the Tibean Plateau
-Located in South Asia
-Tibet north of the Himalayas
-Indus valley people had deserts and mountains protecting them
-10000 miles east of India
-biggest cities are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Culture:
-religion is uncertain-similar to Hinduism
-people were born into social classes
-classes never changed
-women were valued for making babies
-when kids grew old they took on the parents jobs
-Highly organized agriculture
-animals were a source of food
-trade was a big part of their culture
Harappa:
-biggest and first city of the civilization
-three classes-Religious elite,trading class,and poor workers
-largest known harappan site is Ganweriwala located on the bank of Sarasvati river
Mohenjo-Daro:
-another large city
-divided into two portions
-citadel was the lower city
-had sanitation systems
-people had their own water wells
China-The yellow River civilization:
civilization:
-Anyang was built mainly of wood.the city stood in a forest clearing
-the rich people lived in timver framed houses wit walls of clay and straw
-the poor people lived in huts outside the city
-Shang people needed wall cities because they were constantly waging war
Geography:
-the man reason why its called the yellow river is because it deposits yellowish silt which is fertile soil called loess which is blown from the deserts to the west and north
-the yellow rivers floods disastorous because it devours the whole village
-the yellow river is sometimes called chinas sorrow
-chinas relative geographic isolation early settlers couldn't trade with other outsiders so they had to figure it out on their own
-only 10% of chinas land is suitable for farming
-most of the farming land is lcoated between the Huang He yellow river and chang jiang in eastern china
Culture:
-they called the yellow river the mother river
-gunpowder,the compass, paper making, printing,poetry, and Song Ci
-Yellow river is the yuan dynasty in glittering gems
-inventions and scientific achievments not only to promote chinese culture but also spread to the rest of the world, made and important contribution to the culture development of humans beings.
Importance:
-supplies chinas local population with drinking supply and without the river grasslands would shrink so farmers will have to graze thier animals somewhere else
-the river supplies water to 155 million people or 12% of chinese popluation and irrigates 18 million acres of 15% of chinas farmland
-400 million poeple live in the yellow river basin
The Fall of the empires:
Fall of mesopotamian:
-there were mahy empires that rose and fel in the cradle of civilization mespotamia
fall of assyrian empire:
-the assyrian empire ended in 612 BC when the capital city Nineveh was invaded by an allied force of Bablonians,meds,scythians, and Susianians
-king sin-shar-ishkun was kille during the siege
-the babylonians took over the area shortly afterward
Fall of Babylonian:
-the babylonian empire was the strongest empire after the fall of the Assyrian empire
- in 539 BC,the king of persian empire,cyrus the great,ordered an invasion on the babylonian land
-babylonia soon became a part of the persian empire
-from then on babylonia was known as persian babylonia
Fall of Persian Empire:
-the persian empire fell to alexander the great after a lon gmilitary campaign around 332 BC
-it became a part of the greek seleucid empire
-after this there was a lot of conflict betweenn romans and parthians for the region.
The Nubias and Egyptians:
-nubia and egypt were the two biggest river valley civililizations by the nile river
Indus:
-people don't know for sure what happend to the indus civilization
-historians believe there may have been a huge climate change
-others believe that the river had a current change and parts of the indu region were looded while other ecperienced drought
-food shortages also caused people to starve and spread disease
Yellow River:
-the fall of the Xia is blamed on its last king who fell in love with an evil woman and became a tyrant
-the people rebelled agaisnt his leadership
fall of shang:
-the shang dunasty ended when ing Zhou killed his own son and murdered his ministers
-the zhou army battled the shang zhou and the shang zhou lost
-the zhou dynasty began with the suicide of shang zhou
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