Today we continued presentations.
Mesopotamia-
- Created the pythagorean
- First place with government.
- Means the land between two rivers.
- Rivers-
- Tigris and Euphrates.
- Trade and commerece.
- Baskets and pottery.
- Euphrates- calm river.
- Many cities on the banks.
- RIvers used for irrigation, crops, minerals, grazing animals.
- Challanges of Rivers-
- Flooding caused by mountain snow.
- Cities along river would be abandon.
- Cahnge courses without notice.
- Tigris fast and violent.
- Culture-
- Believed in many gods.
- Wrote on clay tables.
- Buried people with items.
- Believed-
- Thought the world was flat.
- Water covered the entire earth.
- The universe was born from the enormous sea.
- Monthly festivals based on the moon.
- Geography-
- Located in the Fertile Crescent.
- Centered around the Euphrates- west and Tigris- east.
- North know as Akkad.
- Bordering countries-
- Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia.
- People settled there for-
- Water.
- Warm climate.
- Fertile soil.
- Lack of Resouces-
- Few trees.
- Little rain fall.
- Traded their surplus for stone, wood, and metal.
- North-
- Fertile land.
- Rain
- Mountains and hills
- South-
- Flat and barren
- Little rainfall
- High temps.
- Cities and States-
- World's first cities began around 4000-3500 B.C.
- Babylon-
- Amorites named it their capital.
- Known for its color and luxury.
- Ashur-
- Modern day Iraq.
- Used as a religous capital.
- Nippur-
- Modern day southeasten Iraq.
- Used as a religious capital.
- Nineveh-
- Oldest Asssyrian city.
- One of the most powerful cities in the mIddle east.
The Nile-
- Nile River is 4,160 miles long.
- Geography-
- Located in Africa.
- Flows through many coutries.
- Name comes from Greek word and means River Valley.
- Importance-
- Provided resouces for almost all aspects of life.
- Traded on the river.
- Chief of Transport.
- Looked at like a highway of transportation.
- Trading was easy.
- Leopard skins, eggs, cattle, feathers, were traded.
- People-
- Egyptians.
- Lived in 3 classes of society.
- Lived along both sides of the river and in the delta region.
- Men wore skirts and robes.
- Women wore skirts and dresses with shoulder straps.
- Most people were barefoot.
- Wore sandles if rich.
- Religion-
- Based on nature.
- Sun God- Re or Ra.
- God of the Nile- Hapi
- Beliefs-
- Life after death.
- Preserved people in mummies.
- 40 million people live in the Nile RIver Valley.
- Still use Nile River for agriculture and transportation.
- States formed-
- 3 Nubia, Kemet, and Kush.
- Each had thier own rituals and gods.
China Yellow River-
- Flows from central to eastern China.
- Geography-
- Named after the yellow clay- loess that blows across northern China.
- Referred to as the uang He river.
- Approximately 3000 miles long.
- Empties into the Bohai Sea of the Pacific Ocean on the east coast of China.
- Importance-
- Prone to flooding.
- People died from drowning and from the famine or disease.
- Areas around the Yellow RIver and Yangzte merge are great food-producing areas.
- This resulted in 10% of the land in China to be suitable for farming
- Many mountains in China so it was hard to trade.
- Raised their own crops and livestock.
- Culture-
- Called the "cradle of Chinese civilization"
- Women are unable to own property.
- Belive in supernatural powers so they ask gods for things they need.
- Leader was Shang King.
- Family was one of the most important things in the culture.
- Father was the head of the family.
- He arranged all the marriages.
- Rituals were performed by men.
- Didn't have a written language for a very long period of time.
- Cities and States-
- Yin was the capital of the Shang Dynasty.
- Formed by the river and it was very useful to the city.
- Shang- it was a walled city.
Emperors and Kingdoms-
- Indus River-
- No famous kingdoms or emperors.
- China-
- Xia Dynasty- known for their black pottery, no writting remains, first known dynasty of the Chinese area along the Yellow River.
- Shang Dynasty- known for their bronze works, liked human sacrifice, if a king died slaves would join him in the grave and some were just thrown in alive.
- Western Zhou- used the father-son kingdom passing unlike the Shang who used brother-younger brother.
- Easten Zhou- many traditions remained the same along with the culture of the Western Zhou
- Mesopotamia-
- Babylon Nation and Dynasty- founded by Samuabum, Babylon Nation was small and powerless until the first dynasty gor them going in the right direction.
- Babylon Empire- didn't last long Hammurabi, founder, died went under Assyrian, Kassite, and Elamite control.
- Neo Babylon Empire- capital was Babylon, taken over in 539 BC by the Roman empire, Neo Babylon was established in 612 BC.
- City of Babylon- 55 miles south of Bagdad, word mean gate of god, all that's left is a mound of mud and brick buildings.
- Eygptian Kingdoms-
- Old Kingdom- Pharohs wre buried in pyramids, pharohs had absolute power, nickname the pyramid age.
- The Middle Kingdom- Egypt's golden age, trade, art, literature flourished, built strong armies to defend itself.
- The New Kingdom- Egypt's expansion period, expanded borders through military conquest and became a world power.
Indus River-
- Religion- similar to Hinduism, seals of animals and swastikas, believed in life after death, worshiped Mother Goddess who represents fertility, worshiped animals, can't find the names of the gods because they died with the civilization.
- Weapons- axes, spears, dagger, no armor or shields.
- Clothes- made of cotton and wool.
- Jewelry- men and women- necklaces, armlets, finger rings and bangles. Women- nose and ear rings, anklets.
- Toys- kids played with wheeled carts and chairs that were carved. People danced for fun.
- Language- pictographic similar to Proro-Elamitc in Babylonia.
- Food- wheat bread with rice or barley, fish, crops were grown, water buffalo, pigs, sheep were raised.
- The Indus River Valley is a diverse region when it comes when it comes to the geography of the area.
- The region spans from deserts, mountains, jungles and forests.
- It can be extremely dry or really wet during the monsoon season.
- The Himalayas provided protection from invasions from the north and other mountain ranges protect in the east and the west.
- The river provided an excellent source of transportation and trade.
- The river provided fertile soil to grow crops.
- Southwest Asia
- Present Day Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan
- Largest ancient civilization
- Natural Borders of the Himalayas and the Arabian Sea sheltered the flat plains from attacks and disease
- The Indus river system branched out into 7 more great rivers, of them exist today
- The summer monsoon season provide the river and the valley with much needed moistureIt was green and heavily forested
- Perfect for growing wheat and barley, developed distinct copping techniques.
- What are now Pakistan, northwest and western India, eastern Afghanistan, and southeastern Iran
- One of the most well-known structures is the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro located in the Harappa area.
- The Indus had well organized cities, some of the best known to date
- Houses were one or two stories high,
- Made of baked brick, with flat roof, and were just about identical.
- Each was built around a courtyard, with windows overlooking the courtyard.
- The outside walls had no windows.
- Each home had its own private drinking well and its own private bathrooms.
- Clay pipes led from the bathrooms to sewers located under the streets.
- These sewers drained into nearby rivers and streams.
- The main urban centers include Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Dholavira, Ganweriwala, Kalibanga, Banwalli
Lothal
- A trading center for the Indus along the Saurashtra coast
- Was the most important port and center of the bead industry until 1900 B.C.
- Homes were set up in perfect grid patterns comparable to that of present day New York City
- Contained the world's first sanitation system
- The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls.
- The Indus cities generally grew very quickly
- Lothal means "Mound of the Dead"
- Despite the constant threat of disasters, Lothal has survived up until this day.
- Harappa
- The indus are sometimes called the Harappans because of this urban center.
- The civilization, with a writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system,
- Mohenjo-daro
- Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning
- Was the largest city of the civilization
- Was one of the first cites to be abandoned when the civilization collapsed in 1900 B.C.
The Decline of the Early River Valley Civilizations-
- Mesopotamia-
- Akkadian Empire- 1950 B.C.
- Attacked by Amorites.
- Unknown why they couldn't defend themselves well enough.
- Babylonian Empire-
- Nebuchadezzar died.
- He had many successors that didn't last very long and Babylonian Empire collapsed to the Romans.
- Ancient Empire-
- Invaded and conqured by forign powers.
- After Alexander the Great's death one of his generals named Ptomlemy Soter made himslf the new ruler of Egypt.
- Roman Empire took over.
- Became a Roman Province.
- Early Yellow RIver Valley-
- Xia Dynasty- culture subsided due to famine and being overrun by the Shang Dynasty
- Shang Dynasty king killed by Zhou Clan.
- Zhou clan became Zhou Dynasty.
- Destroyed themselves with a civil war.
- Indus River Valley-
- Floods destoryed the irrigation system and the buildings.
- Constant flooding caused the people to stop taknig care of their civilization crops.
- Built dams which flooded the cities adn plains had no more crop land.
- The constan neglect caused the civilization to fall.
- Aryans invaded and took over.
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