5.1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
by hanna maddox
------------Describe Native American culture.
plant crops hunt and settle in small villages-nomadic, followed the buffalo
after Europeans got horses and guns they were able to travel farther and hunt more efficiently they abide by the Tribal law they traded and produced beautifully crafted clothes and tools they left their villages and moved around
-----------Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
settlers believed that owning land, making a mining claim, and starting business would give them a stake in the country
they argued that the native Americans had forfeited their rights to the land because they didn't settle down and improve land.
they also moved west because gold
---------How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
1834 government passed an act that designated the great plains as one big reservation set aside for native American tribes
most native Americans rejected the government treaties and continued to hunt on their lands colliding with settlers and miners
Dawes act broke up reservations and gave some land to individual native Americans 160 acres to the head of the house hold
whites took 2/3 of the land that was supposed to go to native Americans. the native Americans received no money from the sale of these lands
sitting bull earned his name after a fight with the crow , and enemy of the Sioux
Custer divided 12 companies into 3 battalions to look for scattered native Americans
sitting bull had a vision there was going to be a big battle he sent his troops out to attack Custer and his battalions first
battle of wounded knee
Custer's old regiment took about 350 starving and freezing Sioux to a camp
---------Describe a cowboy's life.
a cowboy is a man who tends cattle on ranches in north America by horse beside just working on ranches some went to work in rodeos cowboys were mainly 15-40 years old
they worked on ranches for 10-14 hours a day
they use guns to kill or scare off animals that might upset the cattle or horses or to chase off outlaws
roundup-they herded all the longhorns they could find on the open range into a large corral. they kept them there and starved them until they wanted to graze and not run away
the overland transport of animals lasted about three months. normally it was one cowboy for ever 300 cattle ; a coo who also drove the chuck wagon and set up a map and a wrangler for the horses
cowboys were on this long drive from dawn to dusk. many things scared the cattle; water like fivers and lakes , thunder, or even a sneeze would cause a stampede
5.2::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
by hailey miller
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
it gave people the chance to get some land for free
helped people get to places
it was their way of transporting their goods
homestead act
the homestead act of 1862 was farm land that was given to settlers
the minimum lot was 320 acres
the homestead act was signed into law by abe lincoln
the law reaquired four steps to qualify for the homestead act
file an application
improbe the land
file for deed of title
21 years of age or older
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
extreme hardship
droughts floods
fires
locust plagues
weather
it was lonely
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
farmers had trouble with the cost of shipping their grain
farmers found themselves in deby to buy more farm land to keep up with the rise and fall of wheat prices
new farm machinery was inveneted to help speed up the farming , but the machines were too expensive to buy
weather effects on the farming
the land was hard to farm due to the prairie grass that covered the plains and the soil had never been cut by a plaw. there were deeep roots that were up to 10cm which made tangled clumps that were difficult to cut
temps hard on land
winters were long with freezing temp and snow
summers were too hot
dust storms and tornadoes caused damage to the land
5.3
shelby powers
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
prices of their crops were falling
banks were foreclosing their farms
good farming land was becoming harder to get and there was less of it available
they had problems with the rairoads
the grange
goals
teach their members how to be more orgaized
set up farmers cooperatives
sponser state legislation and regulate rairoads
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
populism- the movement of the people
held a convention in Omaha
-demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt from the farmers
-give people more say in their government
actions of populists
tried to increase the money supply which would cause people to pay more to the farmers
started the 8 hour work day
started a federal loan program
put restrictions on immigration
eventually became progressives
farmers alliances
groups of people that sympathized with with farmers
sent lectures to other towns
panic of 1893
some railroads were starting to go bankrupt by 1893 because farmers were in debt
gold was becoming scarce causing people to panic and trade all of their paper money for gold
some people then started getting both silver and gold
gold-bugs vs silverites
gold-bugs:
bankers and businessmen of the northeast (republicans)
favored greenbacks/gold
would cause less money to be in circulation
deflation- prices of everything fall, value of money increases, and fewer people have money
silverites:
the farmers and laborers (democrats)
favored bimetallism (populists)
more money would be in circulation
inflation-price of everything foes up, value of money in circulation decreases, more people have money
end of populism
1896 election
McKinley for republican part
William Jennings Bryan for democrats
populism collapsed when McKinley won
6.1
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
a wealth of natural resources
government support for business
a growing urban population
cheap labor and markets for new products
laissez faire- let it be, leave it alone
iron and steel
98% of iron is used to make steel
1887-prospectors discovered coal and iron ore deposits more than 100 miles long and 3 miles wide near the Mesabi range of Minnesota
the Bessemer process was developed and soon after became popular
people were able to get carbon out of iron to make steel because of the new process
skyscrapers could be built
the Bessemer process
first discovered by William Kelly in 1851
Henry Bessemer took out a patent in 1855
it took out impurities in iron by oxidation
took out the impurities to make steel which makes the iron stronger
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
the Bessemer process
first discovered by William Kelly in 1851
Henry Bessemer took out a patent in 1855
it took out impurities in iron by oxidation
took out the impurities to make steel which makes the iron stronger
the light bulb
1850 Joseph swan began inventing the light bulb with carbonized filaments
1879 Thomas Edison perfected it
used carbonized paper filaments
1879 swan began installing in homes and landmarks in England
the typewriter
invented by Christopher Sholes
he came up with the idea in 1868
it was originally designed like the telegraph
the original on eon only had capital letters
a later perfected typewriter had the qwerty order that we use today
qwerty was invented by Sholes basically because of pairs of letters frequently used together
because the first typewriter didn't have lowercase it wasn't a big hit
became popular in 1873 when shift key came in use for lowercase
the telephone
it was invented by Alexander graham bell in the late 1870s
the telephone was a rebuilt in Alexander Graham Bell trying to improve the telegraph
he came up with the idea of sending speech electricity instead of messages while working on the telegraph
inventions change American life
the light bulb made lighting homes easier
electricity became world wide, making life easier
people could communicate quicker in a longer distance with the telephone
the typewriter gave many women more job opportunities in offices
the refrigerator made it possible to store foods at a cool temperature
this made foods last longer and food poisoning caused of rotting food occur less
6.2
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
it made so that people and goods could move westward much easier and that it would be quicker for the settlers to move west
it brought hope and faith to Americans
veterans made the tracks for the trains -native americans moving
it set up time zones
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
they were upset by misuse of government land grants
which the railroads sold to other businesses rather than to settlers, as the government intended
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
they took political action they took state and local political candidates
they establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination
wanted to watch over the railroads and make sure they were being fair
opportunities and opportunists
the growth of railroads influenced the industries and business
interstate commerce act
the grangers triumph was short lived however, in 1886, the supreme court ruled that a state could not set rebates on interstate commerce
an act passed by gov that would regulate railroads-make it fair for everybody and not just the wealthy
the grangers were farmers that came together to fight back against the railroads
6.3
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
born to a poor family in Scotland 1835
moved to the us in 1848
got his first job when he was thirteen and earned 1.20 per week
became private secretary to his local superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroad
his boss gave him a chance to buy stalk
his first check that he earned from investing stocks was for then dollars
he said it was the first amount of money he had not worked for with the sweat of his brow"
one of the very first industry moguls that made his own fortune
after leaving the railroad, he entered the steel business
Carnegie steel company produced more steel that all of Great Britain
used vertical and horizontal integration to try and control as much of the steel industry as possible
vertical integration- process of buying out the company's suppliers, such as coal fields, iron mines, and railroads
horizontal integration--buying out other companies that produce the same product in order to eliminate the competition pg 242
controlled almost the entire steel industry by using those methods
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
born July 8th 1839
second of six children
started first business at 19
established the standard oil company in Ohio
paid employees extremely low wages
sold oil for much less money that cost to make
when there were no competitors left, he raised the prices
used trust agreements to merge with other companies
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
thought to scientifically explain Carnegie's successes
social Darwinism- theory based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, natural selection, that says the individuals who have wealth and power possess biological superiority in the struggle for existence
the big businesses that had more money and produced more products would dominate the market
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
trust agreements-
trust agreements, or trusts are a type of company merger companies joining to together
stocks are turned over to a group of trustees who run each company as a large corporation
the companies were entitled to dividends on profits made by the trust
-How did the government try to regulate business?
the us government started regulating business to try to protect small businesses
the Sherman antitrust act- the first measure to prohibit trusts
made it illegal for companies to form a trust that interfered with the interstate or foreign trade
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
workers were paid very little a week and worked many hours
the jobs were dangerous in 1882 and an average of 672 workers were killed in work related accidents each week
large scale labor unions first formed in 1866
labor unions are groups of skilled and unskilled workers that work together to make their working conditions better
national labor union-
formed in 1866 by william h sylvis
had 640000 members
persuaded congress to legalize an 8 hour work day for government workers
focused on joining existing
workers would stop working and demand changes by their employers
there are many reason for strikes, wage cuts, danger ,wrongful dismissal of employees, work hours
wage cuts were a huge reason for strike
industrial leaders eventually the Sherman antitrust act against labor
all a company would have to do is say the strike is hurting interstate trade and the federal government would shut the strike down
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
yes and no-no earlier on, but labor unions start to win later on. eventually achieved the 8 hour work day and child labor laws, better pay, workmen's compensation
Haymarket affair
may 4, 1886
3000 people gathered at Haymarket square in Chicago to protest police brutality
one protester threw a bomb into the police line
seven police officers and several workers were killed
8 radicals were charged and convected with inciting a riot
by hanna maddox
------------Describe Native American culture.
plant crops hunt and settle in small villages-nomadic, followed the buffalo
after Europeans got horses and guns they were able to travel farther and hunt more efficiently they abide by the Tribal law they traded and produced beautifully crafted clothes and tools they left their villages and moved around
-----------Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
settlers believed that owning land, making a mining claim, and starting business would give them a stake in the country
they argued that the native Americans had forfeited their rights to the land because they didn't settle down and improve land.
they also moved west because gold
---------How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
1834 government passed an act that designated the great plains as one big reservation set aside for native American tribes
most native Americans rejected the government treaties and continued to hunt on their lands colliding with settlers and miners
Dawes act broke up reservations and gave some land to individual native Americans 160 acres to the head of the house hold
whites took 2/3 of the land that was supposed to go to native Americans. the native Americans received no money from the sale of these lands
sitting bull earned his name after a fight with the crow , and enemy of the Sioux
Custer divided 12 companies into 3 battalions to look for scattered native Americans
sitting bull had a vision there was going to be a big battle he sent his troops out to attack Custer and his battalions first
battle of wounded knee
Custer's old regiment took about 350 starving and freezing Sioux to a camp
---------Describe a cowboy's life.
a cowboy is a man who tends cattle on ranches in north America by horse beside just working on ranches some went to work in rodeos cowboys were mainly 15-40 years old
they worked on ranches for 10-14 hours a day
they use guns to kill or scare off animals that might upset the cattle or horses or to chase off outlaws
roundup-they herded all the longhorns they could find on the open range into a large corral. they kept them there and starved them until they wanted to graze and not run away
the overland transport of animals lasted about three months. normally it was one cowboy for ever 300 cattle ; a coo who also drove the chuck wagon and set up a map and a wrangler for the horses
cowboys were on this long drive from dawn to dusk. many things scared the cattle; water like fivers and lakes , thunder, or even a sneeze would cause a stampede
5.2::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
by hailey miller
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
it gave people the chance to get some land for free
helped people get to places
it was their way of transporting their goods
homestead act
the homestead act of 1862 was farm land that was given to settlers
the minimum lot was 320 acres
the homestead act was signed into law by abe lincoln
the law reaquired four steps to qualify for the homestead act
file an application
improbe the land
file for deed of title
21 years of age or older
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
extreme hardship
droughts floods
fires
locust plagues
weather
it was lonely
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
farmers had trouble with the cost of shipping their grain
farmers found themselves in deby to buy more farm land to keep up with the rise and fall of wheat prices
new farm machinery was inveneted to help speed up the farming , but the machines were too expensive to buy
weather effects on the farming
the land was hard to farm due to the prairie grass that covered the plains and the soil had never been cut by a plaw. there were deeep roots that were up to 10cm which made tangled clumps that were difficult to cut
temps hard on land
winters were long with freezing temp and snow
summers were too hot
dust storms and tornadoes caused damage to the land
5.3
shelby powers
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
prices of their crops were falling
banks were foreclosing their farms
good farming land was becoming harder to get and there was less of it available
they had problems with the rairoads
the grange
goals
teach their members how to be more orgaized
set up farmers cooperatives
sponser state legislation and regulate rairoads
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
populism- the movement of the people
held a convention in Omaha
-demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt from the farmers
-give people more say in their government
actions of populists
tried to increase the money supply which would cause people to pay more to the farmers
started the 8 hour work day
started a federal loan program
put restrictions on immigration
eventually became progressives
farmers alliances
groups of people that sympathized with with farmers
sent lectures to other towns
panic of 1893
some railroads were starting to go bankrupt by 1893 because farmers were in debt
gold was becoming scarce causing people to panic and trade all of their paper money for gold
some people then started getting both silver and gold
gold-bugs vs silverites
gold-bugs:
bankers and businessmen of the northeast (republicans)
favored greenbacks/gold
would cause less money to be in circulation
deflation- prices of everything fall, value of money increases, and fewer people have money
silverites:
the farmers and laborers (democrats)
favored bimetallism (populists)
more money would be in circulation
inflation-price of everything foes up, value of money in circulation decreases, more people have money
end of populism
1896 election
McKinley for republican part
William Jennings Bryan for democrats
populism collapsed when McKinley won
6.1
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
a wealth of natural resources
government support for business
a growing urban population
cheap labor and markets for new products
laissez faire- let it be, leave it alone
iron and steel
98% of iron is used to make steel
1887-prospectors discovered coal and iron ore deposits more than 100 miles long and 3 miles wide near the Mesabi range of Minnesota
the Bessemer process was developed and soon after became popular
people were able to get carbon out of iron to make steel because of the new process
skyscrapers could be built
the Bessemer process
first discovered by William Kelly in 1851
Henry Bessemer took out a patent in 1855
it took out impurities in iron by oxidation
took out the impurities to make steel which makes the iron stronger
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
the Bessemer process
first discovered by William Kelly in 1851
Henry Bessemer took out a patent in 1855
it took out impurities in iron by oxidation
took out the impurities to make steel which makes the iron stronger
the light bulb
1850 Joseph swan began inventing the light bulb with carbonized filaments
1879 Thomas Edison perfected it
used carbonized paper filaments
1879 swan began installing in homes and landmarks in England
the typewriter
invented by Christopher Sholes
he came up with the idea in 1868
it was originally designed like the telegraph
the original on eon only had capital letters
a later perfected typewriter had the qwerty order that we use today
qwerty was invented by Sholes basically because of pairs of letters frequently used together
because the first typewriter didn't have lowercase it wasn't a big hit
became popular in 1873 when shift key came in use for lowercase
the telephone
it was invented by Alexander graham bell in the late 1870s
the telephone was a rebuilt in Alexander Graham Bell trying to improve the telegraph
he came up with the idea of sending speech electricity instead of messages while working on the telegraph
inventions change American life
the light bulb made lighting homes easier
electricity became world wide, making life easier
people could communicate quicker in a longer distance with the telephone
the typewriter gave many women more job opportunities in offices
the refrigerator made it possible to store foods at a cool temperature
this made foods last longer and food poisoning caused of rotting food occur less
6.2
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
it made so that people and goods could move westward much easier and that it would be quicker for the settlers to move west
it brought hope and faith to Americans
veterans made the tracks for the trains -native americans moving
it set up time zones
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
they were upset by misuse of government land grants
which the railroads sold to other businesses rather than to settlers, as the government intended
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
they took political action they took state and local political candidates
they establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination
wanted to watch over the railroads and make sure they were being fair
opportunities and opportunists
the growth of railroads influenced the industries and business
interstate commerce act
the grangers triumph was short lived however, in 1886, the supreme court ruled that a state could not set rebates on interstate commerce
an act passed by gov that would regulate railroads-make it fair for everybody and not just the wealthy
the grangers were farmers that came together to fight back against the railroads
6.3
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
born to a poor family in Scotland 1835
moved to the us in 1848
got his first job when he was thirteen and earned 1.20 per week
became private secretary to his local superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroad
his boss gave him a chance to buy stalk
his first check that he earned from investing stocks was for then dollars
he said it was the first amount of money he had not worked for with the sweat of his brow"
one of the very first industry moguls that made his own fortune
after leaving the railroad, he entered the steel business
Carnegie steel company produced more steel that all of Great Britain
used vertical and horizontal integration to try and control as much of the steel industry as possible
vertical integration- process of buying out the company's suppliers, such as coal fields, iron mines, and railroads
horizontal integration--buying out other companies that produce the same product in order to eliminate the competition pg 242
controlled almost the entire steel industry by using those methods
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
born July 8th 1839
second of six children
started first business at 19
established the standard oil company in Ohio
paid employees extremely low wages
sold oil for much less money that cost to make
when there were no competitors left, he raised the prices
used trust agreements to merge with other companies
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
thought to scientifically explain Carnegie's successes
social Darwinism- theory based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, natural selection, that says the individuals who have wealth and power possess biological superiority in the struggle for existence
the big businesses that had more money and produced more products would dominate the market
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
trust agreements-
trust agreements, or trusts are a type of company merger companies joining to together
stocks are turned over to a group of trustees who run each company as a large corporation
the companies were entitled to dividends on profits made by the trust
-How did the government try to regulate business?
the us government started regulating business to try to protect small businesses
the Sherman antitrust act- the first measure to prohibit trusts
made it illegal for companies to form a trust that interfered with the interstate or foreign trade
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
workers were paid very little a week and worked many hours
the jobs were dangerous in 1882 and an average of 672 workers were killed in work related accidents each week
large scale labor unions first formed in 1866
labor unions are groups of skilled and unskilled workers that work together to make their working conditions better
national labor union-
formed in 1866 by william h sylvis
had 640000 members
persuaded congress to legalize an 8 hour work day for government workers
focused on joining existing
workers would stop working and demand changes by their employers
there are many reason for strikes, wage cuts, danger ,wrongful dismissal of employees, work hours
wage cuts were a huge reason for strike
industrial leaders eventually the Sherman antitrust act against labor
all a company would have to do is say the strike is hurting interstate trade and the federal government would shut the strike down
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
yes and no-no earlier on, but labor unions start to win later on. eventually achieved the 8 hour work day and child labor laws, better pay, workmen's compensation
Haymarket affair
may 4, 1886
3000 people gathered at Haymarket square in Chicago to protest police brutality
one protester threw a bomb into the police line
seven police officers and several workers were killed
8 radicals were charged and convected with inciting a riot
Ch. 7.1:
immigrants- a person who migrates into another try usually for permentant residence
emigrates a person who emigrates from his or her native country or region
Why did immigrants come to the US?
euro peans
between 1870 and 1920 20 million europeans had inngrated to the us
they came to escape religious persecution
whole villages of jews were driven out of russia
chinese and japanese
china
gold rush
jobs: building railroads
jobs after the railroads were built were farming, mining domestic serve, some stared their own business
Jamaica , Cuba, peurto Rico, and other eslands. the jobs there were scarce, the us industrial boom offered jobs to everyone
7% of Mexico's population came over
transportation
from Europe took one week
from Asia it nearly took three weeks
steerage was the cheapes way to trave usually in cago holds
crowded, often in gloom, no fresh air, rarely allowed on deck
Where did immigrants come from?
europe, china, asia, japan, jamaica, cuba, peurto rico, and other islands
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
elis island
new york harbor
2% were denied entry they were sent to an inspector
he would check documents, made sure they did not have any felonies
angel island
mainly only Chinese and Japanese came through
had long intense questioning detained in filthy shacks
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
nativism-favoritism toward native born americans
nativist thought that immigrants from the right country such as germans, english , scandanavians were okay, countries that were progressive historically free
thought problems were caused by latins, and asians
they were mostly against the religion they practiced such as Roman Catholics
a naticist group in 1887 launched attacks against Catholics
many colleges, businesses social clubs refused Jews
in 1917 a bill was passed requiring immigrants to be able to read 40 words in english or in their own language, even thought it was vetoed by the president
anti asian sentiment
chinese exclusion act
banned entry to all Chinese except students, tourists, gov officials, and teachers
happened because of the depression of 1873 jobs were scares and people feared the jobs would to to the Chinese,since they worked for lower wages
japanese in 1906 they were segragated into different schools
the japanese disliked this
Ch. 7.2
-Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Americanization movement
bring people together to form a dominant culture
allowed freedom of their own language
-What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?
Jane Adams:
hull house
antiwar activist
source of inspiration
wanted better care for infants
settlement house
sent nurses into the homes of the sick and provided air
provided ed and social services
serve the poor
staffed by women
inspired by the social gospel movement-preaching salvation by helping service
water
shortage of safe drinking water
very little indoor plumbing
collected water to bathe
diseases: cholera and typhoid fever
lack of water: fires spreading
fire
lack of water: fires spread quickly
wood dwellings susceptible to fire
hazard: candles and kerosene heaters
enemy of the city
crime
theft and pick pocketing increased
law enforcement too small to make impact
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
transportation
mass transit-designed to move large numbers of people
housing
tenements-multi family urban dwelling
over crowded and unsanitary
a family would share a room with 4-5 families in a place that should holy be for one family
housing options:
buy outside of town and face transportation problems
rent cramped rooms
sanitation
no garbage collection
sewer flowed freely
lack of hygiene living condition
dead horses and manure often found on streets
Ch. 7.3
-What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
the gilded age was modern industrial economy. gilded means to be covered with gold
the emergency of the political machines
cities experienced rapid growth
the political machine-organized group that controls all activities of a political party in a city
offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support
the political machine took over local governments decades after the civil war ended
organized like a pyramid
top was city bosses
base was local workers and captains
ward bosses and city bosses worked together
role of political boss
controlled access to municipal jobs and business licenses and influenced courts and other agencies
some bosses used their power to build parks , sewer systems, hospitals
they could provide support for new businesses
immigrants and the machine
some immigrants were only educated in grammer school
thry could talk to the immigrants in their own language and they understood what they were going thorugh
they machines help the immigranst get full citizenship, housing, and jobs
municiple graft and scandal
many bosses fell victim to corruption and their infyulec grew
some machines made fake names to get the number of cotes they needed
when the candidate was in office the machine took advantage of oppertunities
granted favors to businesses in return fo rcash and accepted bribes to allow illegal events to happen
the police left the political bribes alone4
graft-the illegal use of political influence for personal gain
-Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
tweed was born in 1823
1851-he began to build a power base in Tammany and then was elected into the democratic party
1876-was elected governor of new york and nearly won presidency in the electoral college to Rutherford b Hayes
died in jail in 1878
tweed and his assistants stole between 30 and 200 million dollars
tweed escaped prison in December 1875 and fled to Europe
the tweed ring scandal defrauded the city, openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corruption, and controlled new york politics
the spoils system
-What caused all this corruption in government?
dishonest people like tweed
patronage/spoils system
gov gave jobs to people for voting for candidates
-What laws came about to reform government?
reform under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur
Rutherford b hays could not convince the congress to support reform
when Hayes decided not to run for president again, the stalwarts and the reformers broke out at a republican convention
James a Garfield reformer, was nominated as the new president with VP Chester a. Arthur, stalwart
Garfield was shot by a stalwart in a train station
because he was a reformer and the guy that shot him wanted Arthur a stalwart, as president
when Arthur heard about the reason, he changed from a stalwart to a reformer
Arthur passed the pendleton civil service act 1883
by 1901 over 40% of all jobs had been classified as vile service positions, but the pendleton act had mixed consequences
public administration became more honest and efficient
officials could no longer pressure employees for campaign contributes
politicians turned to other sources for donations
business buys influence
politicians turned to wealthy owners
Harrison , Cleveland, and high tariffs
businesses hoped the government would raise tariffs to protect the domestic industries form foreign countries
Harrison won with a campaign of higher tariffs, Cleveland won popular vote, but Harrison won electoral vote
passed the McKinley tariff act of 1890 raised tariffs to the highest level yet
the attempt to reduce tariffs failed, but the spirit of the reform was not dead
democratic party didn't want high tariffs so they raised prices instead
Cleveland was nominated president and he tried to lower tariffs, but congress would not let him
technology could change into the 20th century and refine the american society
-Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harris
on, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
immigrants- a person who migrates into another try usually for permentant residence
emigrates a person who emigrates from his or her native country or region
Why did immigrants come to the US?
euro peans
between 1870 and 1920 20 million europeans had inngrated to the us
they came to escape religious persecution
whole villages of jews were driven out of russia
chinese and japanese
china
gold rush
jobs: building railroads
jobs after the railroads were built were farming, mining domestic serve, some stared their own business
Jamaica , Cuba, peurto Rico, and other eslands. the jobs there were scarce, the us industrial boom offered jobs to everyone
7% of Mexico's population came over
transportation
from Europe took one week
from Asia it nearly took three weeks
steerage was the cheapes way to trave usually in cago holds
crowded, often in gloom, no fresh air, rarely allowed on deck
Where did immigrants come from?
europe, china, asia, japan, jamaica, cuba, peurto rico, and other islands
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
elis island
new york harbor
2% were denied entry they were sent to an inspector
he would check documents, made sure they did not have any felonies
angel island
mainly only Chinese and Japanese came through
had long intense questioning detained in filthy shacks
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
nativism-favoritism toward native born americans
nativist thought that immigrants from the right country such as germans, english , scandanavians were okay, countries that were progressive historically free
thought problems were caused by latins, and asians
they were mostly against the religion they practiced such as Roman Catholics
a naticist group in 1887 launched attacks against Catholics
many colleges, businesses social clubs refused Jews
in 1917 a bill was passed requiring immigrants to be able to read 40 words in english or in their own language, even thought it was vetoed by the president
anti asian sentiment
chinese exclusion act
banned entry to all Chinese except students, tourists, gov officials, and teachers
happened because of the depression of 1873 jobs were scares and people feared the jobs would to to the Chinese,since they worked for lower wages
japanese in 1906 they were segragated into different schools
the japanese disliked this
Ch. 7.2
-Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Americanization movement
bring people together to form a dominant culture
allowed freedom of their own language
-What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?
Jane Adams:
hull house
antiwar activist
source of inspiration
wanted better care for infants
settlement house
sent nurses into the homes of the sick and provided air
provided ed and social services
serve the poor
staffed by women
inspired by the social gospel movement-preaching salvation by helping service
water
shortage of safe drinking water
very little indoor plumbing
collected water to bathe
diseases: cholera and typhoid fever
lack of water: fires spreading
fire
lack of water: fires spread quickly
wood dwellings susceptible to fire
hazard: candles and kerosene heaters
enemy of the city
crime
theft and pick pocketing increased
law enforcement too small to make impact
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
transportation
mass transit-designed to move large numbers of people
housing
tenements-multi family urban dwelling
over crowded and unsanitary
a family would share a room with 4-5 families in a place that should holy be for one family
housing options:
buy outside of town and face transportation problems
rent cramped rooms
sanitation
no garbage collection
sewer flowed freely
lack of hygiene living condition
dead horses and manure often found on streets
Ch. 7.3
-What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
the gilded age was modern industrial economy. gilded means to be covered with gold
the emergency of the political machines
cities experienced rapid growth
the political machine-organized group that controls all activities of a political party in a city
offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support
the political machine took over local governments decades after the civil war ended
organized like a pyramid
top was city bosses
base was local workers and captains
ward bosses and city bosses worked together
role of political boss
controlled access to municipal jobs and business licenses and influenced courts and other agencies
some bosses used their power to build parks , sewer systems, hospitals
they could provide support for new businesses
immigrants and the machine
some immigrants were only educated in grammer school
thry could talk to the immigrants in their own language and they understood what they were going thorugh
they machines help the immigranst get full citizenship, housing, and jobs
municiple graft and scandal
many bosses fell victim to corruption and their infyulec grew
some machines made fake names to get the number of cotes they needed
when the candidate was in office the machine took advantage of oppertunities
granted favors to businesses in return fo rcash and accepted bribes to allow illegal events to happen
the police left the political bribes alone4
graft-the illegal use of political influence for personal gain
-Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
tweed was born in 1823
1851-he began to build a power base in Tammany and then was elected into the democratic party
1876-was elected governor of new york and nearly won presidency in the electoral college to Rutherford b Hayes
died in jail in 1878
tweed and his assistants stole between 30 and 200 million dollars
tweed escaped prison in December 1875 and fled to Europe
the tweed ring scandal defrauded the city, openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corruption, and controlled new york politics
the spoils system
-What caused all this corruption in government?
dishonest people like tweed
patronage/spoils system
gov gave jobs to people for voting for candidates
-What laws came about to reform government?
reform under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur
Rutherford b hays could not convince the congress to support reform
when Hayes decided not to run for president again, the stalwarts and the reformers broke out at a republican convention
James a Garfield reformer, was nominated as the new president with VP Chester a. Arthur, stalwart
Garfield was shot by a stalwart in a train station
because he was a reformer and the guy that shot him wanted Arthur a stalwart, as president
when Arthur heard about the reason, he changed from a stalwart to a reformer
Arthur passed the pendleton civil service act 1883
by 1901 over 40% of all jobs had been classified as vile service positions, but the pendleton act had mixed consequences
public administration became more honest and efficient
officials could no longer pressure employees for campaign contributes
politicians turned to other sources for donations
business buys influence
politicians turned to wealthy owners
Harrison , Cleveland, and high tariffs
businesses hoped the government would raise tariffs to protect the domestic industries form foreign countries
Harrison won with a campaign of higher tariffs, Cleveland won popular vote, but Harrison won electoral vote
passed the McKinley tariff act of 1890 raised tariffs to the highest level yet
the attempt to reduce tariffs failed, but the spirit of the reform was not dead
democratic party didn't want high tariffs so they raised prices instead
Cleveland was nominated president and he tried to lower tariffs, but congress would not let him
technology could change into the 20th century and refine the american society
-Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harris
on, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
cities in the industrial area wzpanded outward and upward
skyscrapers
architects became able to build higher buildings because of the elevator
the developement of steel skeletons of the buildings, so it could bare the weight
they built them because of limited space
electiric transit
as the skyscreapers expaded upward, ttransportation expanded outward
before the civil wasr horses pulled streetcars across towns on iron rails embedded in the streets
electuicity transformed the transportation system
a few large cities moved their railways far above ground, and called them elevated trains
other cities like new york moved their trains underground and called them subways
city planning
the city of chicago had explosive growth from 300000 people in 1870
the wright brothers
in the early 20th century, brothers wilbur and orville wright experimented with engines powerful enough to keep things aloft
the first thing the wright brothers built was a glider
their first successful fights was on december 17, 1903 in kitty hawk, north carolina. the aircraft flew 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds
george eastman
in 1888 eastman intoduced his new invention the kodak camera
the purchase price of this was $25 for the camera and with it came a 100 picture foll of film
to get the film developed you would send the roll of film to new york where eastmans factory was
Ch. 8.2
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
schools for children
laws were passed during 1865 and 1895 that required students between 8 and 14 be in school at least 12-16 weeks
children attended school at a younger age
from 1880 to 1900 kindergartens rose from 200 to 3000
only 34% of African Americans attended school in 1880, 64% were whites
1940s was when public school was available to the majority of the black children in the south
the growth of high schools
half a million students attended school during the early 1900s
included courses science, social studies, and civics
racial discrimination
racial discrimination was horrible in the 1890s. less than 1% of african american teens attended school
only 3% of african americans between 15 an 19 attended school
majority of them attending pricate schools
education for immigrants
henry ford established "sociology department"
wanted people to learn english and the right way to live
expanding higher education
number of students enrolled at high school kept rising, but only a few had diplomas
only 2.3% of america's young people attended colleges and universities
changes is universities
1880-1920 college enrollments quadrupled
reserarch university emerged during this time period
it offered modern languages, physical sciences, and new disciplines of psycholofy andso sociology
law and medicine schools were established
higher ed for afican americans
out of 9 million african americans only aabout three thousand people were attending colleges by 1900
Booker t Washington headed Tuskegee university
web Du bois was the fist African American to get a doctorate from harvard. he later went on and found the Niagara movement
Niagara movement insisted blacks to get a liberal art education. he wanted blacks to be well educated leaders
Booker t Washington
he believed racism would end when black got useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society
born enslaved
wanted to give blacks teaching diplomas also useful skills
earned support form white people
w.e.b. Du Bois
disagreed with Washington's approach
had a group of educated blacks attempt to achieve inclusion into mainstream
Ch. 8.3:
Segregation and Discrimination
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
african americans fight legal discrimination
some states in the south limited voting rights
the grandfather clause stated that if a man failed the literacy test or couldn't pay the poll tax then if his father or grandfather could vote before january 1, 1867-designed to prevent blacks from voting
jim crows laws
during the 1970s and the 1980s supreme court failed to overturn the poll taxor the grandfather clause
laws designed to segragate blacks from whites- segragation laws
tunr of the century race relations
racial etiquette
african americans were humiliated because of racial etiquette
violence
african americans who did not follow the racial etiquette could face sever punishment such as death
discrimination in the north
most african americans in the south thought there was no discrimination in the north
in new york city in 1900 a young africna american killed a white police offecer because he thought his wife was being mistreated
discrimination in the west
african amercicans wre not the only ones dicrminated against
mexcans and chinese in the west the most
mexican workers and the chinese
mexicans worked on raileroads in the south west
in 1880 there were more thatn 100,000 immigrants from china
the chises immigrants were often pushed in cheses segregated schooles and neighborhoods
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
plessy having dark skin, wanted to sit in an all white skin railway carriage but was asked to sit in an all black railway carriage
violating a 1890 louisiana law that staed separate but equal
the decision established the dovrine of separate but equal which allowed to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as lang as they provided equal service
at trial with justice jogn ferguson presiding. plessy was found guilty on the grounds that the law was a reasonable exercise of the state's police powers based upon custom , usage, and tradition in the state
plessy vs ferguson
plessy filed a petition for rights of progibition and certiorari in the in the supreme court of louisiana against ferguson, asserting that segregation stigmatized blacks and stamped them with a badge of inferiority in violation of the thriteenth and fourteenth amendments
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
cities in the industrial area wzpanded outward and upward
skyscrapers
architects became able to build higher buildings because of the elevator
the developement of steel skeletons of the buildings, so it could bare the weight
they built them because of limited space
electiric transit
as the skyscreapers expaded upward, ttransportation expanded outward
before the civil wasr horses pulled streetcars across towns on iron rails embedded in the streets
electuicity transformed the transportation system
a few large cities moved their railways far above ground, and called them elevated trains
other cities like new york moved their trains underground and called them subways
city planning
the city of chicago had explosive growth from 300000 people in 1870
the wright brothers
in the early 20th century, brothers wilbur and orville wright experimented with engines powerful enough to keep things aloft
the first thing the wright brothers built was a glider
their first successful fights was on december 17, 1903 in kitty hawk, north carolina. the aircraft flew 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds
george eastman
in 1888 eastman intoduced his new invention the kodak camera
the purchase price of this was $25 for the camera and with it came a 100 picture foll of film
to get the film developed you would send the roll of film to new york where eastmans factory was
Ch. 8.2
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
schools for children
laws were passed during 1865 and 1895 that required students between 8 and 14 be in school at least 12-16 weeks
children attended school at a younger age
from 1880 to 1900 kindergartens rose from 200 to 3000
only 34% of African Americans attended school in 1880, 64% were whites
1940s was when public school was available to the majority of the black children in the south
the growth of high schools
half a million students attended school during the early 1900s
included courses science, social studies, and civics
racial discrimination
racial discrimination was horrible in the 1890s. less than 1% of african american teens attended school
only 3% of african americans between 15 an 19 attended school
majority of them attending pricate schools
education for immigrants
henry ford established "sociology department"
wanted people to learn english and the right way to live
expanding higher education
number of students enrolled at high school kept rising, but only a few had diplomas
only 2.3% of america's young people attended colleges and universities
changes is universities
1880-1920 college enrollments quadrupled
reserarch university emerged during this time period
it offered modern languages, physical sciences, and new disciplines of psycholofy andso sociology
law and medicine schools were established
higher ed for afican americans
out of 9 million african americans only aabout three thousand people were attending colleges by 1900
Booker t Washington headed Tuskegee university
web Du bois was the fist African American to get a doctorate from harvard. he later went on and found the Niagara movement
Niagara movement insisted blacks to get a liberal art education. he wanted blacks to be well educated leaders
Booker t Washington
he believed racism would end when black got useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society
born enslaved
wanted to give blacks teaching diplomas also useful skills
earned support form white people
w.e.b. Du Bois
disagreed with Washington's approach
had a group of educated blacks attempt to achieve inclusion into mainstream
Ch. 8.3:
Segregation and Discrimination
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
african americans fight legal discrimination
some states in the south limited voting rights
the grandfather clause stated that if a man failed the literacy test or couldn't pay the poll tax then if his father or grandfather could vote before january 1, 1867-designed to prevent blacks from voting
jim crows laws
during the 1970s and the 1980s supreme court failed to overturn the poll taxor the grandfather clause
laws designed to segragate blacks from whites- segragation laws
tunr of the century race relations
racial etiquette
african americans were humiliated because of racial etiquette
violence
african americans who did not follow the racial etiquette could face sever punishment such as death
discrimination in the north
most african americans in the south thought there was no discrimination in the north
in new york city in 1900 a young africna american killed a white police offecer because he thought his wife was being mistreated
discrimination in the west
african amercicans wre not the only ones dicrminated against
mexcans and chinese in the west the most
mexican workers and the chinese
mexicans worked on raileroads in the south west
in 1880 there were more thatn 100,000 immigrants from china
the chises immigrants were often pushed in cheses segregated schooles and neighborhoods
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
plessy having dark skin, wanted to sit in an all white skin railway carriage but was asked to sit in an all black railway carriage
violating a 1890 louisiana law that staed separate but equal
the decision established the dovrine of separate but equal which allowed to maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as lang as they provided equal service
at trial with justice jogn ferguson presiding. plessy was found guilty on the grounds that the law was a reasonable exercise of the state's police powers based upon custom , usage, and tradition in the state
plessy vs ferguson
plessy filed a petition for rights of progibition and certiorari in the in the supreme court of louisiana against ferguson, asserting that segregation stigmatized blacks and stamped them with a badge of inferiority in violation of the thriteenth and fourteenth amendments
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
leisure
amusement parks first started in 1894 and 1893
bicycling first started in 1885 as a male only sport
the first tennis match in the us was in the 1880s
in 1845 alexander j carwright organized a club in new york city
5 years later there was 50 clubs
spread of mass culture
newspaper was catching peoples eyes mroe often
one of the headlines were THE VALLEY OF DEATH
because there was a flood in johnstown pennsylvania killing 2000 people
joseph pulitzer bought new york world a large newspaper company
he covered comics sports and womens news
his paper emphasized sin sex sensation to surpass his competition
popular fiction
literacy rates rose
most people prefered to read light fiction books
they usually sold for 10 cents, hence the name dime novels
new ways to sell goods
earliest shopping center was open in cleveland ohio
marshall field opened his own store in 1865. his motto was "give a lady what she wants
between 1865-1900 advertisement costs rose from $10 million to 95 million
10 million americans shopped by mail by 1910
the post offive created a rural free delivery
13 billion catologs across the us filled people mailboxes by the mid 1900s
capitalism-people own the businesses
socialism-government runs business
Ch. 9.1
-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).
protect social welfare
promote moral improvement
creating economic reform
fostering efficiency
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?
prohibition is the banning of alcholic beverages . prohibition was part of promoting moral improvement
prohibitionist groups feared that alcohol was undermining american morals
the tactives taht were used to bring prohibition about were the womens christian temperance union and the anti saloon league. members of the wctu advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing , praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. the antisaloon league worked to pass laws to force people to change and to punish those who drank
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.
the young mens christian association opened libraries , sponsored classes, and built swimming pools and handball courts. the wctu also imapcted the aid organizations by probing women with public roles which they used to justify gibing women votin rights
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?
the 18th amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages
women wanted it most
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?
socialism is the belief and the hope that by proper use of government power, men can be rescued from their helplessness in the wild cycling cruelty of depression and boom
its all about equality-socialists came and said lets have government run businesses so people are paid better
take from the rich and give to the poor-the more the government is involved, the more socialistic it is
the roots socialism can be traced to the arrival of german immigrants in the 1850s when marxian sociaalist unions began
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?
muckrakers were known as journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life in the early 20th century . the impact that the muckrakers had on the us resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact on the us-someone that investigates bad things about society
-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?
disturbed by the inefficiencies and injustices of the gilded age, the progressives were committed to changing and reforming the country. significant changes aneacted at the national levels included the imposition of an income tax with the 16th amendment
having a mayor and a city council and helping eachother out instead of having one big leader
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?
instead of focusing on an oregon law that limited women factory and laundry workers to a ten hour day, lawyer louis d brandeis focused on data produced by social scientists documenting the high costs of long working hours for both the individual and society
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?
shorter work days
workmens compensation laws-if hurt on the job youd be paid while recovering
regulating safety of machines
they enforced child labor laws
henry ford cut the work hours down to 8 hours a day and paid everyone 5 devery day instead of everyone doing the same work
florence kelley also helped make the workplace safer
-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?
1904, the national child labor committee sent investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions. they took photos and stats to dramatize the childs situation. they were joined by some members of the labor union who argued that cheldren working lowered the wages of all the workers
-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?
keating-owen act-limited child labor in factories and how many hours you could work
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?
henry ford made better wages by only having people work 8 hours and paying them $5 every day
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?
they used a thing called a secret ballot also known as the Australian ballot. by 1920 already 20 state had adopted this procedure
gave people of the state power to recall a leader
initiative-people can initiate a bill
direct primary-lets people directly choose who they want to be senator, gives the people more of a say
-What did the 17th Amendment do?
called for direct election of the senators instead of the state legislature choosing them. many people claim it upsets the balance of power federal and state governments (elected by the people)
:::::::goals of prohibition:::::::::
protect social welfare
promote moral improvement
creating economic reform
fostering efficiency
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
social changes
during the civil war only upper and middle class women could stay in the home and devote their time to their home and families , but poor women had to go and work in factories
the 3 types of working women were farm women, women in the factoies and domestic workers
25% of women in america worked in manufacturing
reform in the facoties
in 1911 the triangle shirtwaist factory caught on fire
146 women died
this started the movement fore workplace reform
in 1910 womens clubes began and eventually became the reform groups
womens education
in the late 1800s many women went to women colleges
an example of one of these is Vassar College which opened in 1865
smith and wellesley colleges later followed in 1875
other colleges like columbia, brown, and harvard did not accept women, but biolt seperate colleges for women
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
the 19th amendment states that no one will be denied the right to vote because of gender
susan b anthony and elizabeth cady stanton drafted the 19th amendment
it was 41 years later that congress submitted it to the states for ratification
on eyear later the amendment was passed
womens right to vote
women's suffrage groups had 3 approaches to grating women right to vote. 1: try to convince states to grant them the right to vote. 2: pursue court cases. 3: pushed for national constitutional amendment
susan b anthony and other women tried to vote in 10 states over 150 times in 1871 and 1872
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
susan b anthony was born on feb 5, 1820. she was riased as a quaker . after teaching for 15 years she joined the woman's rights movement in 1852
and elizabeth cady stanton was a social activist, abolitionist, and a leader of the early women's movement
carry nation went into bars and broke bottles of alcohol and sing songs because of a message from god
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.- used his personality, popularty and power of persuasionto get what he wanted, Believed that the federal gov't was there to help common people, wanted to give everyone a "Square Deal", Used the "bully pulpit" to influence media and help pass laws
-Square Deal- going to be equal to every race, give everyone a fair chance, he doesnt help blacks a lot
-Breaking up strikes-140000 coal miners went on strike and demanded a 20% raise, 9 hr work day, and the right to oranize a union( an origanization of workers that wanted to make things better), Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines, so they agreed to turn the problem over to and arbitration commission (a lawyer, hes is equal to both sides). It was decided that workers would get 10% pay raise and 9 hr work day. Gave yp the right to form a union or stike for 3 yrs. the federal gov't will step in from then on when strikes threatened the public.
-Regulating railroads- Major accomplishment, Interstate commerece act commission- set enforce, but had no power, Elkins Act-Made it illegal for railroad officals to give, and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads, Hepburn Act- Strictly limited the use of free passes which were also used for bribery
-Regulating food and drugs- Meat inspection Act- strict cleanliness proceedures until methods were replaced with more sophisticated ones in the 1900s,Pure Food and Drug Act- Fixing false advertisements, but didn't change what went into products,
-Conservation- cutting down trees- teddy didn't like how the lumberers cut down teh trees and didn't replace them, Plowing the prairie for fam land, Cattle over grazing the Great Plains- farmers didn't know better, Sewage and untreated waste dumped into rivers and streams creating health hazards, solution: set back specific land reserves for forests
-Civil Rights-Helping the aferican americans, concern wasn't as big as it was for conservation, With parents that supported different sides, not much was done for African Americans, On an indiviual level...much to the white's horror, he selected a black to run a customhouse in Charleston
-Trust Buster- Rosevelt called himself the trust buster, he believed that they were good trusts and bad trusts,
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
problems
the Payne-Aldrich tariff was a compromise made by Taft that only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich bill
this upset the democrats and the progressive republicans
Taft angered conversationalists by removing over 1,000,000 acres of forest and mine land from the reserved list
accomplishments
dollar diplomacy was the idea that america would use military and diplomacy to help promote vusiness overseas
he brought down 90 trusts or monopolies
16th amendment that allowed the us to collect income tax
republican break up
there were 2 types of republicans. ones that wanted change, and ones that didn't
by the mid term election of 1910 the republican party was shattered with progressives on one side and the "old guard" on the other. democrats had gained control of the house , and there was a lot of tension in the republican party
election 1912
the main candidates-
democratic-woodrow wilson
progressive-theodore roosevelt
republican-william h taft
socialist-eugene v debs
wilson won by a landslide roosevelt came 2nd, taft with a close 3rd and debs with zero electoral votes and almost no popular votes
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff
compromise tarriff-raised some things and lowered others
he oversaw the breaking up of standard oil company
-Land disputes
taft took a lot of land out of conservation and sold it
-Breaking up trusts
taft broke up more trusts
-Break-up of the Republican Party- There were 2 types of republicans. Ones that wanted change, and ones that didn't. By themidterm election of 1910 the Republican party was shattered with progressives on one side and the"Old Gaurd" on the other. Democrats had gainde control of the house, and there was a lot of tension in the republican party
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.- The main canidadtes for 1912: Democratic- Woodrow Wilson, Progressive- Theodore Roosevelt, Republican- William H. Taft, Socialist- Eugene V. Debs. Wilson won by a landside Roosevelt came 2nd, Taft with a close 3rd and Debs with zero electoral votes and almost no popular votes
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
accomplishments
strengthem the way that banks run
reducing tariff rates for the first time since the civil was
issues
during ww1 he sent a letter to germany informing them that they sunk a ship with a submarine and killed 1,100 crew alonge with 124 americans. the uboat-20 german sub shot a torpedo at the rms lusitania on may 7, 1915. there was also a laetter sent out to dc that contained information about a watr zone over in great britain and her allies and fermany and her allies.
-Breaking up trusts
roosevelt is often given credit for launching the era of trust busting, but he preferred go refulation of monopolies. his successor, taft
vertical integration, a company operates on more than on stage of production and distribution
in horizontal integration, a company expands by merging, usually by buying out rival firms
-Underwood Tariff
wilson lobbied hard for the underwood act, which would subsatially reduce tariff rates for the first time since the civil war
he summoned congress to a special session to plead his case, and established a precedent of delivering the state of the union message in person
-16th Amendment
the congress shall have power to lay and collect tazes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states , and without regard to any census or enumeration
income tax
bringing segragation to dc, segrating the military was a bad thing he did
-Federal Reserve System
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
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