Today we reviewed Ch. 5-8 in preparation for tomorrows test.
Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture.
Came across Bering Land bridge to follow buffalo about 10,000 years ago. Some were farmers, others were nomadic (followed game), still others were fishers. Nature was very important to them, they preserved the land/was one with the land.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
Homestead Act gave large quantities of land to any family for free. Cattle-ranching in the south and farming up north. Railroads provided easy transportation. Mining for gold (Californian gold rush).
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
They made deals with them to take their land. Waged war/Plains Wars/Battle of Little Bighorn (N.A. victory)/Battle of Wounded Knee (last battle of Plains Wars with U.S. victory). Dawes Act made for Natives to gain land, didn't necessarily work out.
-Describe a cowboy's life.
Cowboys worked for large ranches to transport cattle north. Open range meant no fences, cattle ranged freely. Made long drives to reach the big cities up north, were attacked by natives and wild animals. Cowboys lasted 20 years, then railroads were built and beef was at a surplus which drove them out of business.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
Railroads made travel westward easy. Homestead Act gave 160 acres to every willing family.
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
Lonely life, railroads high prices, native american, wild animal, and outlaw attacks. Plagues, tornadoes, droughts, floods, and blizzards.
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Same as settlers, mainly dept
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Same as settlers
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
Mainly in Omaha area, know as people party with members being common farmers and workers. Tried to help farmers with dept, wanted to fight against railroads and give people greater voices in government. Called for direct election of US senators, mass majority votes. Graduated income tax, where people who made more paid more. Called for 8-hr work day and didn't want immigrants.
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
Lots of natural resources, business favoring government, cities grew with immigrants (cheap labor), oil and steel boom.
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
Thomas Edison made the light bulb, type writer revolutionized business, telegraph and telephone, railroads
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
Made the country smaller, boosted the industrial revolution, put farmers into dept and destroyed buffalo populations. Made time zones
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
The railroads charged outrageous prices, making many go into dept.
-What did the 'Grangers' or government do to regulate the railroads?
Grange=farmer's alliance, helped farmers against the railroads. Interstate Commerce Act, made to observe railroads, didn't work until later on.
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
Scottish immigrant, worked his way up with his steel company, Carnegie Steel. 2nd richest man in the world (behind Rockefeller), gave much money near the end of his life. Roberbarons, didn't pay their employees well.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
worked hard to make Standard Oil the best. The richest man in the world, was also unfair to his workers.
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
Survival of the Fittest, natural for weak to die and strong to survive.
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
Lowered prices to make everyone else go out of business, then heightened the prices to whatever they wanted (no competition). Horizontal integration- buy out other companies making the same product. Vertical integration- buy out transportation and stores.
-How did the government try to regulate business?
Sherman Antitrust Act- broke up monopolies. In 1911, Standard Oil was broken up into many different companies.
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
Labor union-workers banding together to fight against unfair conditions (bad working conditions and pay). Gave the workers a voice.
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
Yes and no, first they struggled, called communists, government sided with business owners. Eventually they were more noticed, made 10-hr work day, worker's confiscation (paid if hurt).
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
Natural disasters and persecution pushed them out while better jobs and opportunities pulled them here.
Where did immigrants come from?
Northwest Europe, Germans, Italians, Norwegians. Also people from Mexico, Japan, China, and other countries.
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
They had cramped, dirty traveling conditions. Faced racism and hate for taking american jobs.
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
They took jobs for low prices and hurt labor union efforts. Chinese Exclusion Act- prevented Chinese from coming, Gentleman's Act- prevented Japanese from coming.
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Job opportunities, immigration, better health for longer life, African Americans could go to cities
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?
They were cramped, dirty, had bad transportation and lots of disease. Lots of crime and major fires (fires were somewhat good).
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
Better housing, water, transports, indoor plumbing, organised garbage collection, police and firefighters were formed, built parks and beautiful buildings. Jane Adams, churches, and volunteers helped poor people.
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
An organization, Republican or Democratic machines. Influenced government, but had a lot of corruption.
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
Tweed was the boss of the democratic party in NYC. Stole millions of dollars from overcharging taxes. Eventually brought down by political cartoonist Thomas.
What caused all this corruption in government?
Dishonest people, low-educated people, people who used their power to their own advantage. Spoils system- winner of election would put whoever they wanted in whatever position they wanted.
What laws came about to reform government?
Penelton Civil Service Act- changed spoils system so the people who were chosen had to pass a test.
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
Ch. 9.1
-Define the Progressive Era and why it started(goals).
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?
-What did local government do to reform itself during the Progressive Era?
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?
-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?
-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?
-What did the 17th Amendment do?
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era.
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.
-Square Deal
-Breaking up strikes
-Regulating railroads
-Regulating food and drugs
-Conservation
-Civil Rights
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff
-Land disputes
-Breaking up trusts
-You will have to look elsewhere for some other accomplishments as the book is limited
-Break-up of the Republican Party
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
-Breaking up trusts
-Underwood Tariff
-16th Amendment
-Federal Reserve System
-Limits to Progressivism under Wilson
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