Monday- My group is 5-1 for the project / presentation and we started working on them
Tuesday- Worked on project
Wednesday- Worked on project (chapter 5.1)
Thursday- Presented project
Friday- take notes
Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
-Describe a cowboy's life.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
- 250 years since Jamestown
- Settling the 2nd 400 millions acres of United States for 30 yeas
- Sold land to farmers for $2-$10
- Gave people a chance to become wealthy
Dugouts and Soddies (First homes)
- Most pioneers built houses into sides of small hills
- Stove pipe jutting from the ground was the only clear sign of a dugout home
- Well temperate
- Fireproof
- Leaked when it rained
Agricultural Education
- Morrill Act of 1862 and 1890
- Gave Federal land to states to help the Ag colleges like Iowa State
- Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experiment states
- Informed farmers to newer development
- helped enable the dry eastern plains to flourish and become "the bread basket of the nation"
- Iowa State was named Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm
Government support for Settlement
- 1862- Congress passed Homestead Act
- 10% settled by the families, which it was intended for
- Designed for middle class people
Oklahoma Sooner State-
- Sooner State because people were settling earlier than the date that they were supposed to
Women's Work
- Women worked beside men in fields
- Plowed land, planted and harvested crops and wheat
- They were still fully dressed with no skin showing at all
- Sheared sheep and made wool into clothing
- Hauled water from wells
- Made soap and candles from tallow
- Canned fruit and vegetables
- Sponsored schools and churches
- Right to vote in the West
Farmers in Debt
- Railroad companies and investors created Bonanza Farms
- Bonanza Farms created crops from 15,000-50,000 acres
- 1900- farmers had 150 acres under cultivation
- Mortgaged property to buy land
- plains experienced drought
- Single crop operations couldn't compete with smaller farms
Closing the Frontier-1890
- Henry Washburg surveyed land "objects in new experience"
- 1872- Yellowstone National Park
Technical Support for Farmers
- 1837- John Deer First steel plow
- Spring- tooth harrow (prepare)
- Grain Drill (plant)
- Barbed wire fence (Joseph Glidden 1947)
- 1890- over 900 manufacturers of farm equipment
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
-What solutions did they find to solve those problems?
Ch. 5.3: Farmers and the Populist Movement
Economic Distress
- Farmers lose money because of economy (in a lot of debt)
- Greenbacks or otherwise known as dollar bills were causing problems
- People who borrowed money had to pay more when they paid the loan off
Railroad problems
- Railroads shipped many farmer's grain
- Tried to take advantage of the farmers
- Had many people mad at them
Farmers Alliance
- Group of farmers known as "Grange"
- Spend most of time fighting railroads (getting laws passed that helped farmers)
- Shipping things
Populism
- Started in Omaha, Nebraska
- Objective- to take the debt from farmers and other workers
- Middle to lower class worker
Populists Party Platform
- Raise in money supply which would make the price of goods go up
- Single term president and a secret ballot to end vote fraud
- Keeping things a secret so that it doesn't influence others
- The populists presidential candidate won more than 10 percent
- wants more money in circulation (inflation)
- Not really successful
Panic of 1893 (Depression)
- Farmers were over extended by debts and loans
- Railroad construction expanded faster than the markets and were going bankrupt
Silver and Gold
- 2 groups
- Goldbugs and Silverites
- Bimetallism
- Backing US dollar
Populists Movement
- Helped farmers out of debt
- Give people a greater voice in government
- increase money supply in circulation
- Graduated income tax
- Federal loan program
- Direct election of Senators
- Single terms for presidents/v.p.
- Secret ballot
- 8 hour work day (was 10 hours- first for women)
- Restrictions on immigration
- Immigrants were taking jobs
- Hurting labor unions- worked without benefits
- Racism
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
Ch. 6.1: Expansion of Industry
Black Gold
- Edwin L. Drake (1859)
- Steam Engine Drill
- Oil to Kerosene
- Oil boom (Texas, and other Southern States) - Used whale oil or fats before this oil
- Oil helped with transportation and fueled the Industrial Revolution
Uses for Steel (Steel comes from Iron ore)
- Railroads, Barbed Wire, Farming Machines, Buildings/ skyscrapers, Construction
- Steel is stronger than Iron
- Doesn't rust as quickly as Iron
- Brooklyn Bridge (1833)
- Wonder of the World
- Flatiron Building (New York in 1902)
New Inventions
- Typewriter (Christopher Sholes- 1876)
- Job opportunities increased (Secretary jobs for women)
- Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson (March 10, 1876)
- Worldwide communication Network (better communication)
Government Support
- Government didn't bother businesses
- Monopolies- Earned Big money (paid little)
- Lase Fair - Hands off (not a lot of rules and regulations)
Mesabi Range
- Explored in 1893-1894
- Wast deposit of iron ore
- Discovered in 1866, it is the chief deposit or iron ore in the US
- Hull-Rist-Mahoning Mine in Hibbing
- Three miles long, two miles wide and 535 feet wide
Bessemer Process
- First inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron
- 20 ft high
- Within a few min, an ingot of steel can be produced
- Henry Bessemer
- Created Bessemer Process
- Manufactured of "gold" powder from brass for use in paints
Urbam Population
- Paid workers minimum wage
- Replace the workers easily
- plenty of people in need of jobs
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
Ch. 6.2: Late 1800's and Early 1900's
Influence of Railroads
- Reliable local transit
- Helped Westward Expansion possible for businesses
- 1856- railroads extended past the Mississippi
- Transcontinental Railroad
- 1890- 180,000 miles of railroad
- Workers had harsh lives
- 1888- 20,000 employees injured
- Attacked by Indians
- Hired many immigrants to work on railroads (from China and Irish and Civil War Veterans)
Railroad Time
- Many different times
- Noon- directly above them
- Boston Vs. New York
- 1869- Professor C.F. Dowd
- United States has 4 time zones
- Eastern
- Central
- Mountain
- Pacific
- November 18, 1883- watches synchronized
Pullman Industry (sleeping cars)
- 1880, George M. Pullman
- Didn't lower rent, employees pay decrease
- Manufactured Sleepers & Etc., Illinois Prairie
- Pullman, Brick homes, one window apartments
- Richard Ely, Pullman, controlling company
- Violent End- 1894
Credit Mobilier (Screwed people out of money)
- A Pullman Created Industry (1864)
- Over-charging to build the railroad
- Shared Stocks with 20 Representative in Congress
- Union Pacific $23 million in stocks
- Written about on New York Sun
- Rich people felt that they were above the law and could get away with this
Interstate Commerce Act
- Supreme Court ruled that states cannot set rates on interstate commerce
- ICC Commission Reinforcement
- Regulated long legal process and resistance from the railroads
- Allowed the US government to supervise railroads
Granger Laws
- Created to protect the farmers of America from the railroad monopolies
- Munn vs. Illinois 1877 (Upheld laws)
- 1886 Supreme Court (Overruled)- cannot regulate prices between states
- 1187 Interstate Commerce Act (Federal)
- ICC Commission (Reinforce the Law)
Railroad Abuses
- Government Land Grants
- Fixed prices for different customers
- Monopolized all hails long and short
- Fixed Prices- when companies within an industry all agree to charge the same price for a given service, rather than competing to offer lower price.
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
- The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (for farmers)
- Organization in the US that encourages families to work together to promote the economic and political well-being of farmers
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
-How did the government try to regulate business?
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
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