Monday- The Phoenicians presented(my group), and after watched a movie on 9/11
Tuesday- Finished 9/11 movie, and then had a discussion on 9/11
Wednesday-
Egypt
Old Kingdom-
- 2649-2150 B.C.
- 3rd-6th dynasties
- scarce historic records
- Considered to be written in stone
- Age of the pyramids
- Age of the pyramid builders
Geography-
- Coast- Mediterranean Sea
- Upper- Red Sea
- Desert Area
Government-
- King ruled by mandate of the gods
- Progress and strong centralized government during the 4th Dynasty
- Growth of priesthood during the 5th and 6th Dynasties
- No central government at the end of the 6th Dynasty
Laws-
- King was assigned to represent the gods' will
- No judges
- No Courts
- Officials judged cases
- No legal code survived
War-
- Central government relied on nomarchs for supplies
- No united army- more like smaller units
- Regional governors could conscript soldiers
- Hard to invade
- At peace most of the time
- Mainly fought amongst themselves
- Invasions from Libyans to their west
- Invasions from Nubians to their south
- Tried to get control of Nubia
- Bronze-tipped spears
- Wood and ox-hide shields
Power-
- First notable Pharaoh Djoser(2630-2611 BCE)
- Step Pyramid
- Vizier Imhotep served as chief minister
- Forbidden to speak the name of the king
Economy-
- Many types of jobs
- Most common type of work was farming
- Agriculture was a major factor
- Shat and Heqat
- Money from taxes were used to build projects
Social Classes-
- Slaves: Prisoners of war, not many slaves during this time period. Most think they built pyramids, but they didn't the farmers did.
- Farmers: Men and boys worked in the fields, and women would make things at home
- Artisans: Banquets with the kind, and worked with many kind of materials
- Merchants: Middle class, would trade and barter at markets
- Scribes: Only ones who knew how to read and write, inherited or passed through generations
- Soldiers: No set army, People were picked and would serve when needed.
- Pharaohs: Had absolute power, Believed to be god, Thought to control lives in the afterlife.
Religion-
- Re- Sun: Amon Re: King of Gods, Nile, Went to heaven-Son, Horus, Symbol-Obelisk
- Maybe from Mesopotamia
- Rituals flooding Nile(Crucial)
- Pharaohs-sons of Re
- Pyramids: West of Nile "Land of the Dead"-King meet Re after he died.
- Afterlife for king: Daily objects to have a nice one.
- Also believed afterlife was only for the king.
Education-
- Imitation
- Farms, workshops, vineyard, and skills from elders
- Passed on religious and personal views
- Books of instruction or wisdom literature: Royal elders, nobles, and scribal classes to younger men in their classes
- Sons work with their father: No choice(Family trade)
Entertainment-
- Parties: Hosts welcomed, Blossoms and flower wreaths, wax cone on head(melted fancy wig)
- Harps, lyres, lutes, some type of oboe, and drums
- Games-Jacks, Dice, Clay rattles, animals, people,Balls of leather or woven papyrus stuffed with straw(Juggling)
- Outside a lot(Small, dark, and crowded houses): Running, Jumping games, and swimming, Boys wrestled, girls danced(Pressing the Grapes)
Gender Roles-
- Women were very important- passed to the daughter(Men administered land)
- Kingship through women
- Ruler only king when marries daughter of past king (Brother and Sister)
- Women Respected
- Men and Women worked-Paid
- Men established career before wife
Art-
- Monumental stone structures
- Portraits of individuals
- Life size statues in wood, copper, and stone
- Carved images of animals, plants, and landscapes into walls of temples and tombs
- Defeat death: brought life to next world
- Jewelry, furniture
Advancements in Technology-
- Household objects- Handheld mirror, toothbrush and toothpaste, rugs, small statues
- The ox drawn plow
- Believed in the stars
- Medicine and magic
Pyramids of Giza-
- Made of limestone, pink granite
Old Kingdom Egypt
- Ended in Chaos
- Not certain what happened
- Declined gradually
- Bad government
- Bad harvests that let to famine
Thursday-
Babylonians -
Social Hierarchy-
- Awilu: A free person of the upper class
- Mushkenu: A free person of low estate(farmers)
- Wardu: Slave, Prisoners of war, Recruited from the Babylonian citizenry, Free people could be reduced to slavery as a punishment, Children and family were often sold as slave in time of need.
Babylonian Jobs-
- Brick maker
- Bricklayer
- Baker
- Wine-maker
- Cook
- Farmer
- Musician
- Gardener
- Tax Collector
Trade-
- Trade was the key to wealth: By promoting trade the king could tax people
- The trade routes had to be safe. They also had to be protected from bandits
- Large stable empires were good for trade: One empire controlling the route meant there would be peace and security
- When the trade routes weren't secure the trade would be discontinued
- Babylon was important in the Middle Eastern trade network : Traders were taking exports out and bringing imports in, Merchants were bringing good from other places.
Political History-
- King Hammurabi(Reigned 1792 BC-1750 BC)
- Gov. Type-Monarchy
- King ruled officials(Under)
- Risen Power(King Sin-Muballit forced out)
- The rise of King Hammurabi
- Code-282 laws(If a doctor gave help to a severe injury-* Money if cured/killed extremities cut)
- Guilty-removed parts(Ex. Tongues, hands, etc.)
- Earliest Example of "An eye for an eye."
Wars Fought-
- 2 closest neighbors- Elam and Assyria
- Assyria- City captured (Assyrian king)-Brought statue of Marduk(God) to Assyria
- Recaptured statue-Kept going after 10+ years
Geography-
- The city was put right between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
- The Mountains surround the East and North sides of the plain, the Zagros chain and Kurdistan
- Syrian and Arabian deserts guard the west and south
- Climate: Summer- Hot and dry Winter- Cold and wet
- Shang Dynasty-
Political-
- Type of Government- monarchy
- high official
- warlord
- taxes
- death penalty
- ancient law(conceal crime)
History-
- Leadership of Chang Tang
- Defeat King Jie of the Xia
- Power in 1600 BC
- Shank work with people
- Social program from the poor
- Corrupt by King Di Xin
- Overthrown by Wu of Zhou
Friday-
Shang continued..
Geography-
- Natural borders- Himalayas, pacific ocean and Gobi desert
- Located within- the yellow river
- Time occupied area- 2nd millennium b.c.
- Climate- The most weather in Asia is dry weather with occasional monsoons due to the wind circulation near the Himalayas
Economy-
- Bronze wares
- Agriculture
- Started the trait of fishing when established
- Had well made woven silk
- Grew rice, corn, millet, and wheat
Social-
- Dynasty Formation: Ancient china was controlled by clans. When a clan got strong enough; that clan became the ruling family, AKA a dynasty.
- Social class orders : Ruling class, Artisans and traders(Craft workers), Farmers, Slaves
- Gods controlled all things.
- Believed many gods and spirits are apart of nature
Advancement-
- Developed a refined writing system over 2000 symbols
- Began to use horse drawn chariots.
- Created a 12 month calendar with 365 and 1/4 days, based on the moon's cycles
- Mass production of bronze, silk, and jade
- Developed the decimal system
Babylonian continued....
Religion-
- Many gods
- Anu: main god
- Ea: Wisdom
- Enlil: Fate and kingship
- Temple size=importance of god
Tower of Babel-
- Tried to reach Heaven-bricks, stones, tar, mortar
- Languages mixed up
- Scattered over world
Education-
- Boys ages 8-9
- school-tablet house
- copied tablets
- Sumerian-Akkadian language
Art-
- Lion of Babylon
- Snake Dragon-marduk
- Adobe or molded bricks
- Structures built with stone, mu
- Paintings represented-Mythological characters, Sacrifices/offerings, and fighting
- Hanging Garden of Babylon-Terraces made of baked brick & asphalt, plants on terraces, Didn't actually hang
Entertainment-
- Hunted
- Boxing & Wrestling
- Polo on shoulders
- Board Games
- Children: Miniature weapons
- Festivals- Sings & musicians
Gender Roles-
- Married (Arranged by parents) and had family
- Adultery(Cheating)
- Prostitution- not considered a bad thing
- Jobs: Stay at home with the children. Trade cloth, beer, food, perfume, weaving, and selling cloth
- Men
- Power over family
- 1st error against father= hand cut off
- 2nd error= he could do as he wanted
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