1. Students will understand the impact the Great Depression and New Deal had on the US.
The New Deal was made to counteract the Great Depression. It had a huge impact on the United States.
The First New Deal was from 1933-34. It didn't end the depression, but helped with the suffering of people. It tried to get a more organized partnership between corporations and the government. It wanted to restore the economy from the top down; it would start with the banks. The 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act set up the New Deal's strategy of fighting back the depression. It focused on economy recovery.
The Second New Deal 1935-1941 wanted to restore the economy from the bottom up. They wanted to help the common people get jobs so that they would be able to pay for things. The three R's were Relief, Reform, and Recovery.
The New Deal helped a lot of people here are some acts that were passed to help people. Some of the causes of the Great Depression included: bank failures, savings and bank runs, business bankruptcy, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth, industries in trouble, housing starts fall, price-supports, and agriculture surplus, less money, low standard of living, stock market crash, and Black Tuesday. The effects of the Great Depression included banks closed, people loss jobs, people loss homes Shantytowns, farm foreclosures, soup kitchens, hobos became common, suicide, malnourished children, schools closed, tenant farming. The Great Depression had a huge impact on the United States. The people of the country went from the wonderful Roaring 20’s into one of the darkest times in our country. The Great Depression had a huge effect on the economy and unemployment rate of the United States. The Great Depression also had a big effect on children. A lot of children took a lot of responsibility during the Great Depression.
Farmers and what happened to them during the depression
The Agriculture Adjustment Act was passed so that the farmers could gain stability. The government paid farmers to reduce the amount of land they were farming. The money that they were getting for reducing land would only come from people that bought the crops or animals; they could also spill milk and slaughter animals. The AAA of 1933 was declared unconstitutional so the AAA of 1938 put a tax on every person to pay the farmers. It also set price-supports for the crops which helped them gain stability.
The Farm Security Administration was made to help poor farmers that were affected by the dust bowl. It was set up in 1937. Smaller farms were bought by the government and were made better. In 1944 The Conservation Coalition took control of the FSA. It made it into a program that would help farmers buy land. The FSA was known mostly for the photographs that they took.
The Rural Electrification Administration was a loan program for rural electrification and telephone service. It primary goal was to promote rural electrification. It provided farms with inexpensive electric lighting and power.
Unemployed people. What helped them?
The Civilian Conservation Corps provided relief, rehabilitation, and training for about around three million men. They would provide jobs for men, some of the jobs included building parks, fighting forest fires, and planting trees. The CCC was aimed mainly for men from the ages of 18-25. The Civil Works Administration was made to provide jobs for many unemployed people. Most of the jobs that they gave were construction jobs, It hired around 4 million people and it promised high wages.
Federal Emergency Relief Act helped the homeless. It gave out welfare checks out to people and also helped people buy food and clothes. It also put 15 million people a place to work. The FERA ended in 1934. It became too costly and was very controversial, that is why it did not last very long.
Factory workers/labor and how they were helped in the depression
The National Recovery Act created minimum wages and maximum weekly working hours. It helped make sure that people were getting paid a proper amount of money for the amount of time that they were working.
Young people in the depression
The National Youth Administration was established in June of 1935. Eleanor Roosevelt came up with the idea for this. It helped young people find jobs while they were still in school. It was for both males and females.
Banks/businesses were helepd out in the depression
The FDIC is a deposit corporation that guarantees the safety of one's money in member banks. The FDIC protected consumer functions, manage failed banks, and observes particular companies for safety.
The Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934 created SEC. They were made to restore confidence in markets and have clearer rules for dealing and more reliable information. They must tell truth about their business like what they are selling and the risks. Brokers and dealers must treat investors fairly. Former June 6, 1934. If someone purchases more than 5% of a business must report to the SEC. It regulated the stock-market. It made the stock market more secure, it is still around today.
The Emergency Bank Relief Act was also known as the bank holiday. This act closed down banks and 5000 banks were passed. It regulated the Secretary of the Treasury and allowed the president to declare a National Emergency. It changed the ways that banks worked during emergencies such as the Stock Market Crash. It would close down banks and then assure people that if it was re-opened their money was safe. This act was made to help with the effects of the Great Depression for the banks.
The Federal Security Act was meant to require investors to receive a lot of information on stocks that are out for public sale. It also prohibited fraud and misrepresentations. This act also made the issuers of stocks to show information about the terms of the stocks. They also wanted to prevent anybody that had inside information from rigging the stock prices.
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation gave 2 billion dollars to help aid state and local governments and banks. It helped with the economic troubles of the Great Depression. It mainly helped by loaning money out to people and businesses. It first gave money to the businesses that needed help the most so that they could continue to operate.
Home owners were helped also during the depression adn the time after the depression
The Home Owners' Loan Act helped people avoid having their homes foreclosed in the Depression. It extended the loan repayment period and divided the single of payments into smaller payments. It was established in 1933. It granted long-term mortgage loans for 1 million homeowners. The HOLA would judge the cities by the number of colored people that lived in that area.
The Federal Housing Administration- It would help people pay loans for bigger payments The FHA would help people pay back loans so that they could get loans for houses from bankers.
Elderly People and what happened to them from the depression.
The Social Security Administration was passed and helped elderly, disable, and retired people. A Social Security card was what insured that people were U.S. citizens. Roosevelt was the first president to help the elderly. Women that worked in the house were considered unemployed so that they would get unemployment checks. It also provided benefits to the retired and unemployed. This act provided for a lot of controversy.
2. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of WWII.
-Pearl Harbor -
Part of the whole beginning of Japan bombing us at Pearl Harbor was when the differences between China and Japan split them even further apart. In 1931, Japan attacked and conquered Manchuria, in China. Japan claimed Manchuria as part of Japan even though it was located in China. After a few years, in 1937, Japan started their unsuccessful attempt to conquer the rest of China. The Japanese government allied with the Nazi’s in Germany and joined the Axis alliance. Japan, with the help of Nazi Germany was able to conquer most of Indochina, and have it conquered for a few years, not many. The United States was alarmed when they heard that Japan was invading and ultimately trying to conquer China. The U.S. was allies with Japan in World War I. The United States also had some interest in East Asia before they heard of the Japanese attack. The United States increased the military they were sending to help China along with supplies and money. The U.S. also started up a program to try and strengthen China’s military power in the Pacific part of the War. When Japan invaded China, it began the Second Sino-Japanese War. China, with the help of the U.S., was able to cut off shipments and more shipments of raw materials and the oil supply going into Japan. Japan did not have very many Natural Resources in themselves, so because of the Great Depression, they had one of two choices: 1. they could import them and pay the high tariff, or 2. they could take them from surrounding countries in Southeast Asia. Japan chose to take them from surrounding countries in Southeast Asia and this upset the United States very much.
Japanese leader, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, planned to remove the United States Naval fleet located in Pearl Harbor, so to remove the United States as a threat in the Pacific, with a surprise attack on December 7, 1941. In early 1941, Japanese carrier pilots began training in special tactics that would be used in the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The Naval General in Japan finally approved Yamamoto’s plan. This attack that was planned called for the use of 6 heavy aircraft carriers that would be accompanied by 24 other supporting vessels to help them along the way. Also, a fleet of submarines would sink any United States warships that tried to escape the Japanese carrier forces. All these fleet’s assembled in Tankan Bay in the Kurile Islands and they departed in secrecy for Hawaii on November 26, 1941. These vessels had to avoid all contact with normal shipping lanes so this would be a surprise attack on the United States. At dawn on December 7, 1941, the fleets arrived at a point just more than 200 miles out north of Oahu, where the Pearl Harbor Naval base is located. Thankfully, the United States aircraft carriers were not in the harbor at the time, because they were sent on a mission by Admiral William Halsey to deliver Marine Corps fighter planes to Wake Island. The USS Enterprise delivered the aircraft on December 4, 1941 and on December 7, 1941; the ship was on its way back to Pearl Harbor. On December 5, 1941, Admiral Kimmel sent the USS Lexington with a task force behind them lead by Admiral Newton, who was behind the USS Lexington, on a mission to deliver 25 scout bombers to Midway Island. The last of the 3 U.S. Naval carriers, the USS Saratoga, left Pearl Harbor for repairs on the West Coast. At 6a.m. on December 7, 1941, 6 Japanese carriers launched 181 planes for the first attack on Pearl Harbor. These planes consisted of torpedo bombers, dive bombers, horizontal bombers, and fighter planes.
As they went south, some U.S. forces on Oahu realized there was something very different about this particular Sunday Morning. In the hours before dawn, U.S. Naval vessels spotted an unidentified submarine periscope at around the area of the entrance to the Pearl Harbor Naval Base, it was reported sunk by the USS Ward and a patrol plane that they sent to ensure it was sunk. At 7 a.m. an alert operator at the Army station reported the approaching planes from the Japanese attack. The officers that the information was relayed to did not even consider that this would be an enemy force because they were expecting American Planes to arrive that morning. The Japanese aircrews achieved the complete surprise and they hit the U.S. military ships shortly before 8 a.m. December 7, 1941. They attacked at the same time against the fleet in Pearl Harbor and the naval air bases at Ford Island and Kaneohe Bay, the Marine airfield at Ewa and the Army Air Corps fields at Bellows, Wheeler and Hickam. This would allow the Japanese forces to attack with out retaliation by the United States. More than 90 ships were at anchor in Pearl Harbor at the time of the attack and they were the primary targets were 8 of the U.S. battleships stationed there. Seven of the battleships were in Battleship Row along the Southeast shore of Ford Island while the USS Pennsylvania lies in dry lock across the channel to protect the battleships. After the first couple minutes, all the battleships had taken at least one bomb or a torpedo hit from the Japanese forces.
The battle ended shortly after 10 a.m. on December 7, 1941, less than two hours after it began. 21 U.S. ships, all part of the Pacific fleet were sunk of damages, 188 aircraft were destroyed and 159 more were damaged. 2, 403 Americans died that day, 68 of which were civilians, most of them killed by improperly fused anti-aircraft shells that landed on Honolulu. 1,178 Americans were wounded. The Japanese loses were very much less, 29 planes, which was less than 10 percent of the attacking forces. The Japanese were successful, but the raid was not complete. They failed to damage any of the American Naval Aircraft carriers that by the stroke of luck were out of Pearl Harbor. The Japanese neglected to damage the shore side facilities at Pearl Harbor. These facilities played a very important role in the Allied victory in World War II. Only Three of the American ships could not be repaired, the USS Arizona, the USS Oklahoma and the USS Utah. The attack on Pearl Harbor gave us the power to commit to victory in World War II.
-D-Day -
D-Day was also known as Operation Overload or Operation Neptune Operation. Market Garden was the dropping of the paratroopers into enemy lines. D- Day invasion began on Tuesday June 6, 1944 at 6:30 am. It was on the northern part of France. The invasion happened in two phases. It had an air assault and an amphibious landing. It was the largest amphibious landing ever. The invasion was hard because Germany was dug into the beaches and it was hard to hit them with any artillery. Germany also had bunkers that had high caliber weapons in them. They also had thousands of mines on the beaches. The United States had a major problem crossing the English Channel. The invasion of France during D-Day was very important role in the European Front. We sent false information that Germany intercepted, so they thought we were going to attack somewhere else. It was a very bloody battle and the United States had numerous causalities.
-Atomic bombing -
Towards the end of WWII, the US dropped two ATOMIC BOMBS on Japanese cities. These cites were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Little Boy Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and the Fat Man Atomic Bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. These cites were pretty much flattened after that and they also had many casualties. The death toll was in the mid to upper 100,000’s. The Fat man Bomb was made of Plutonium which was stronger than the U235 that the Little Boy was made out of. The Fat Man bomb was not dropped in the right spot so it did just about the same damage as the Little Boy bomb did, and the little boy bomb dropped almost perfectly on target.
-Africa/European Front -
The US did not get involved in the war until 1941. The only reason that we went to war is because Britain, are ally, needed help in the war. We became involved with direct assistance in 1941.
In 1940, the war at of the African Front began. The tanks were heavily used in this part of the battle. June 10, 1940 is the exact date when the African Front battles started with the Italian Declaration of War. June 15- 17, 1940 was the first battle of the African Front which is at Fort Capuzzo something. The Battle of Girba was the first tanks battle on June 17. The second battle of Capuzzo was during the entire month of September. Allies in this part of the war were Great Britain, the Free French Underground and they were fighting the Germans and the Vichy French Government.
Battles in 1941 were mostly won by the allies. Rommel’s first offensive was 8 battles that he led. Rommel was an Axis General from Germany. Operation Brevity was a main part of this whole thing. Operation Scorpion was one of two battles the Axis Powers won. Operation Battleaxe was the second and final battle that the Axis Powers won. Operation Crusader was won by the Allies.
1942, the US if thoroughly involved in the North African Campaign. The US decided to attack in Africa because it was easier than going through the heavily guarded France. This is the first place we sent troops were to fight in the African Front. Joseph Stalin was not happy with our decision to fight in Africa rather than invade France. He thought the US was wimpy for not helping out Stalin. The US was already focusing on Post WW II things in 1942. Rommel’s second offensive included the Battle of Gazala which was won by the Axis Powers. The First Battle of El Alamein was indecisive. The Battle of Alam El Halfa was an Allied victory. Operation Torch was the main United States victory. The Allied Powers won. Operation Torch was the code name for the huge amphibious invasion of Northern Africa. This was the biggest offensive for the US since joining the war in 1941. The Eighth Army Offensive was an Allied offensive. The Tunisian Campaign was a bunch of battles in Tunisia. The Tunisian campaign took place at the end of 1942 into 1943.
1943, the Tunisian Campaign continued. It had 6 major battles. It was one of the last main offensives before the Allies found out about the German Ultra Code. The African Campaign was less than three year Campaign and the US were involved for one year. The Allied Powers came out successful in the African Campaign. Over 300,000 German troops were captured.
The Italian and Mediterranean Front was next.
The Italian and Mediterranean Front encompass the naval, land, and air campaigns fought between the Allies and Axis forces in the Mediterranean Basin. Fighting in the Italian and Mediterranean from lasted from June 10 1942 to May 2 1945. Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt started this Front to relieve pressure from the Soviets. They argued that they should go though Italy to Germany or if they should go help the Soviets. Later the Italian Front was formed. The allies advanced towards Rome which was blocked by the Kesselring Gustav line. The Allies landed 50,000 seaborne troops at Anzio, 33 miles south of Rome on January 22 1945. Churchill called Italy the soft underbelly of the Axis Powers. After the initial invasion, a US general, Mark Clark, called Italy a tough gut of the Axis Powers. American forces wanted to put off invading Italy until the invasion of Europe began. The Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943. This resulted in evacuating the German and Italian forces from Italy. Allied forces gained experience in the paratroopers became more popular. The invasion of Sicily began in 1943. Forces of the British Eighth Army landed in the “toe” of Italy in September 1943. They invaded with Operation Baytown. The Italian Government agreed to and armistice with the Allies. A lot of German control was still in Italy and that caused the war of the Italian and Mediterranean Front continued because of the Germans still had a lot of control over Italy. The Allies advanced north to Rome. The Apennine Mountains caused the advance to Rome to become slower and even worse for the US because of this Terrain. Operation Olive was major allied offensive was part of the Gothic Line defenses were penetrated on both of the Eighth Army and Fifth Army Fronts. Some armies were withdrawn due
to weather conditions. The eighth Army
broke east through the Argentinean Gap that allowed for the advancing form the
Apennine Mountains in Central Italy.
-Pacific Front -
The Philippine Campaign:
The Campaign lasted from 1941 to 1942. This was between the Philippines and Japan. Japan invaded the Philippines to start this. The United States were allies to the Philippines so we got involved in this part of the war. The Japanese took the city of Manila which resulted in them having a Death March that included over 36,000 American and Filipinos deaths. The Japanese occupied the Philippines from 1942 to 1945. On January 9, 1945 General Douglas Macarthur invaded the Philippines by force beginning the second battle for the Philippines. On February 4 1945, the United States entered Manila and completely controlled the city within three weeks.
Battle of Coral Sea:
Took place from May 4-8, 1942. The Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied Naval forces and Air Forces fought in this battle. Japan planned this attack to take over New Guinea so that they could build airfields on Tulagi and take control of the shipping lanes between the Americans and Australia. The Americans lost a carrier, a tanker, and a destroyer in this battle. Our Military was based in Australia at this point.
Nagasaki:
The Bombing of Nagasaki on the morning of August 9, 1945. The B-29 was controlled by Charles W. Sweeny. This airplane was carrying the nuclear bomb code named “Fat Man” was dropped from 11:02 am. The Bomb damaged the factory that made type 91 torpedoes from the Pearl Harbor attack. About 30 people survived Hiroshima that fled to Nagasaki just in time to be bombed again. Casualties estimated from 40,000 to 75,000 and at the end of 1945 casualties totaled about 80,000 including maybe 13 POW’s. This resulted in the “Bombing” because the Japanese General would not accept defeat and they did not think that the US would risk millions of casualties on trying to take over Japan.
Ben continued his part of the presentation:
Australia’s role:
Australia played a major role in the New Guinea Campaign. New Guinea is a large land mass north of Australia that would provide good land for naval bases and landing stripes for the Air force and a good docking station for the Navy. POW’s were held by the Japanese and made up nearly half of Australia’s deaths in the Pacific.
Kamikaze Attacks:
These were suicide attacks that killed the pilot and destroyed enemy ships along with it. A person would fly a plane into a ship, losing one life to kill many enemies. This was an effective tactic but the Japanese had a hard time finding people who would kill themselves for pride in Japan. 56% of Japan’s merchant ships were destroyed by submarines. This would cut off most of Japan’s major imports such as oil at this time.
Background:
WW II was between the Allied powers and The Empire of Japan.
Pearl Harbor:
There were two attack waves on Pearl Harbor. Yamamoto knew that the three main US ships were not in the Harbor at the time of the attack, but he decided to attack anyways. The US wanted an excuse to get involved in the war, and this was a good excuse.
Submarine Warfare:
56% of Merchant ships were sunk by submarines.
Iwo Jima:
The US fought and captured Iwo Jima from Japan. There were many gruesome battles on this island. Flamethrowers and grenades were used to kill the enemies hiding in the bunkers. The bunkers caused many different types of casualties from the allied and the axis soldiers. The US did not think that there would be any survivors in the bunkers. Artillery and Machine Guns were used to clear out the Japanese from their bunkers.
We dropped an Atomic Bomb on August 6, 1945. This attack was known as the Manhattan Project and it killed 90,000- 166,000 people on this first day and many thousands died the next day. This made sense because where we dropped it was a main supply line and that was a big deal if this whole thing went as planned. The decision to save millions of American lives. The surrender of Japan happened on August 15, 1945 after we dropped both Atomic bombs. Roosevelt’s Plan was good, it happened without warning and unrestricted. Imperial Japanese Navy did not attack the US with submarines; they only used them for RADAR. The USS Indianapolis was carrying the Atomic Bomb and was sunk a day after dropping off the Atomic Bomb. Commerce Raiding was the use of naval forces to destroy the supply line of an enemy on the open sea, rather than engaging the combatants themselves. Major Battles in the Pacific Front:
The Battle of Midway, The Battle for the Coral Sea, The Battle for Iwo Jima, The Battle for Guadall Canal, and The Battle for the Philippines. Japan was never the same after the Battle of Midway. The Battle for the Coral Sea was a key victory for the US and that is considered a small turning point in the war. Japan took control of the Philippines during WWII and we took the Philippines back towards the end of the war. Island Hoping is crossing an ocean by a series of shorter journeys between islands, and opposed to a single journey directly across the ocean to the final destination. After the Battle of Midway, the US established a line overlapping island bases as well as air control. The US needed to take key islands near Japan so that they could bomb Japan and immediately land back on an island for safety.
April and Ashley started their presentation today. Here is their information
The Spying Game:
Cryptography:
Cryptography is the Practice of studying and hiding information. It was used in WW II to pass special messages to another country without it being intercepted. Codenames are magic, Bombe, and Purple. Funny names ha. Ultra and Magic are the most important codenames for this. Magic was an allied machine and it was used for a project directed towards Japan. This machine was used to figure out what was going to be done by the Japanese. Purple was a Japanese Machine that would send the information for hopefully only Japanese people to be able to understand. This machine would take a message and turn it into a code. The receiving machine could only translate under certain settings. Bombe was a British code machine that would try to decode German messages. Enigma was invented by a German engineer and British and American code breakers were able to break large numbers of codes. It was like a typewriter. You type a message into the machine and it would change the message into a code and send it out.
Navajo Code Talkers:
Native Americans who served in the US army were used as part of the Code talkers. Main job of the Native Americans were used to decode the Navajo language. Other than Navajo’s, nobody really knows the language. This code could have easily been broken but the Navajo language was not written down and was very hard to learn.
Klaus Fuchs:
Klaus Fuchs gave the Soviet Union information from the United States and Great Britain. He knew information about the Atomic Bomb and was sent to build the Atomic Bomb in 1943. In 1945, he was claimed to be part of a private spying ring and shared information. He denied being a spy until 1950, and in 1950, he was sentenced to 14 years in prison. In 1950, he lost his British Citizenship.
Tokyo Rose:
A radio show that had 12 different girls who would tell about the war and what was going on during about this time. She was an American citizen being forced to be part of this plan.
3. Students will understand how/why the Allies won WWII.
The allies’ powers won World War II for numerous reasons. The allies had a lot of resources and used the resources to make more things. We also won because of the technology that we used mainly the use of the atomic bomb. We also had a Navajo code that could not be broken and also had good code breaking technology. Another reason that we won was that Germany turned on the Soviet Union which was a huge mistake. Hitler was also killing Jews and the people that built the United States atomic bomb were Jews from Europe. Germany would have had the first atomic bomb if Hitler had not done this. The allied forces also won because the United States was on their side and we were a huge power during that time.
4. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Cold War.
a. Define the Cold War and its causes -
The Cold War is a political, strategic, and ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union. Democracy is where people ultimately have the final say. Communism is where the government comes first and has alot of power over the people. The government "dominates" the societies. Capitalism is where people run and own their own businesses. Socialism is where the government runs and controls all businesses.
Germany was separated into four parts. The countries that had control in Germany were
The U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.
Atomic Bombs
The US made an Atomic Bomb and the USSR started to get mad that the US made it without telling the USSR. This almost caused a Nuclear War.
The Border Treaty
The Border Treaty was between the USSR and Poland. This treaty said the Russia could not attack Poland and this upset the US.
The Bolshevik Revolution
On October 34 and 25 of 1917, Bolshevik soldiers, sailors, and red guards stormed the winter palace and arrested some of the provisional government. This is often known as the bloodless coup because no body got hurt and the Bolsheviks took over power.
The Red Scare
The red scare was started because of a wide spread fear of anarchism and communism. It was brought up by Alexander Mitchell Palmer. He started illegally searching houses and deported expected Communists. This was the FIRST Red Scare.
b. Policy of Containment -domino effect, mutual deterrence, massive retaliation, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO -
--- NATO ---
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Signed on April 4, 1949
You agree to a mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party
Headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium
Treaty of Brussels was the precursor to the NATO agreement.
Today there are 28 countries in NATO
The Korean was crucial for NATO because it raised the threat level greatly
NATO was an alliance between Canada, the US and Europe
--- De-Stalinization ---
The process of eliminating the cult of personality
Cult of Personality was when an individual uses mass media to created an idealized and heroic image
Created by Joseph Stalin
--- Peaceful CO existence ---
influenced communist states that they could peacefully coexist with capitalist states
Policy of Containment
The US and the Policy of Containment was used to stop the spread of communism. This was used to build up foreign security. This Policy stopped the domino effect. President Truman best represented the policy.
George Kennan
George Kennan was the Creator of the Policy of Containment. He was the US ambassador to the Soviet Union and later in life to Yugoslavia and a diplomat he was. HE was the Leader of many different programs in his life time and he also was a critic of international policies.
Domino Effect
This was the theory that once one country became communist and that would cause more and more countries to become communist. The Taking of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia would cause the Domino Effect. The Domino effect was what caused the Policy of Containment. Thailand and Indonesia were not taken over.
Marshall Plan
The Marshall plan was also known as the European Recovery Plan which formed a stronger economic foundation in Europe. The Truman Administration wanted to help out the Marshall Plan. George Marshall addressed the Marshall Plan at Harvard and it was more of a proposal in Europe. The US gave 13 Billion Dollars to help with War Repartitions and to help them. Many major cities in Europe were destroyed in WWII. It took Germany until 1971 to pay the War Reparations to the US after the US bailed them out.
George Marshall
He was the Military leader right behind the President and eh was also the Secretary of State and he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 because he created the Marshall Plan.
Truman Doctrine
This was part of the US strategy to stop the spread of communism in Western Europe and in Asia. The “Long Telegram” was how the Soviets would respond to this plan. The US set up a long term strategy to help out the Truman Doctrine. The first step of the Truman Doctrine was the NATO. The NATO was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. We will learn more about that next week. Some countries were feared of the Doctrine because they were afraid it would hurt their countries. With the concern, Truman passed the bill. The Truman Doctrine was aimed to help Turkey and Greece. The Truman Doctrine was to help stop the spread of communism in Greece and Turkey.
c. Both Berlin Crises -
Berlin Blockade and airlift
Berlin Blockade was June 24 1948 to May 24 to 1989
First major international crises of the cold war
Yalta Conference split Germany into four parts and Berlin into four parts
Stalin wanted to cut off access to Berlin so he formed a blockade of roads and railroads in Berlin. The Blockade failed for the USSR turned the west into a great victory. The US saw a blockade as a test of commitment. This led to an airlift of Berlin. 1,534 tons of food was dropped into Berlin Daily to keep 2.5 Million people alive daily. If the USSR shot down any of our airplanes war would break out. The USSR saw that the blockade was not working lifted any restrictions for the blockade. Then Germany was split into two parts. West became Federal Republic and the East became Democratic Republic.
Berlin Wall
The was separated East and West Berlin
Included guard towers along a large concrete will which circumcised a large open area
This was later referred to as the Death Strip
There were also anti vehicle trenches, fakir beds and many other defenses
On one side of the Berlin Wall was communist where you were controlled by the government and the other side you were free
On 1989 after a series of radical political changes in the Eastern Bloc, things had to be changed
After many weeks of unrest the East German Government announced on November 9, 1989 that immigration to West Berlin was permitted
The Final Piece of the wall was finally officially removed on October 3, 1990
Tara’s information is over Nixon’s visit to China. Here is her information.
Background
After WWII the US and Soviet Union relationship deteriorated
Soviet Union went after countries on the edge of communism like China
The US felt communism would be the downfall of the schools of labor unions
Nixon was the first president to visit China
Nixon arrived in China on February 21 and stayed until February 28
He met with Mao for the first and only time on his visit without a date I guess
Secretary of State William Rogers was excluded from the meeting
Only other American in the meeting was Winston Lord.
Nixon also visited with Chinese premier Zhou Enlai many times throughout his trip during the week
Both Nations pledged to work towards the full normalization of diplomatic relations
US also intended to pull all of its forces out of Taiwan
Enabled the US and the PRC to temporarily set aside the crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations concerning Taiwan’s status
US maintained official relations with the Republic of China in Taiwan until 1979
US broke off relations with the Republic of China and established full diplomatic relating with the PRC.
The event was televised for the eight days the Nixon was there
Many books were written about his trip
Max Frankel of the New York Times received Pulitzer Prize
Inspired John Adams Opera Nixon in China.
d. The Red Scare--McCarthyism and HUAC -
The HUAC was formed in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty. The chairman of the committee was Martin Dies. They would question private citizens, public employees, and other organizations. This became very popular during the time of the cold war because they wanted to get rid of all the communists in the world. The HUAC thought that the threat of communists in the film industry was a serious one. In 1947, the HUAC began investigating the Hollywood Motion Picture Industry. They investigated whether of not Communists were planted propaganda in US films. In September 1947, the HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood. The 41 were used as “friendly witnesses”. They named people who they accused of holding leftwing views. A lot of people were afraid to get their career ruined b not saying names and being known as communist. The Hollywood ten became famous because of blacklisted individuals. They did not answer any questions, they cited the first amendment. They were jailed by the government and a blacklisted by Hollywood. Over 300 Hollywood people were blacklisted. Writers continued to work by using a pseudonyms or fake names so they could continue writing. Very many people thought that these people were communist and they took away their jobs and the government put them in jail. The work of the committee continued to decline in importance throughout the late 1950’s. In 1959, former President Harry S. Truman said it was the most Un- American thing in the country today. The committee was abolished in 1975.
Senator Joe McCarthy was born on November 14, 1908. He dropped out at the age of 14 to help out his family. He went back at the age of 20 and went for one year. He went into the military as a marine but mostly worked in the office. He ran as the Republican for the Campaign of 1944 while he was on active duty as a marine. La Follett was the Governor of Wisconsin. Joe’s slogan was “Congress Needs a Tail-Gunner”. Joe was very popular in his first three years. The First Red Scare:
-began after the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and during WWII. The First Red Scare was from 1917 to 1920. This was when people were scared that the communists would take over. Innocent people were put in jail. The first scare disappeared around 1920.
The Second Red Scare
-happened after WWII around 1947 to 1957 and once again people feared that communism would take over. Innocent people were trailed and the trials actually ruined people’s lives.
McCarthyism
-started with the end of WWII and the start of the Cold War. This was the anti communist way of Senator McCarthy to get rid of communists in the US. He accused people with very little evidence.
McCarthy’s Involvement
-Joe got information about communists in the US government and blah.
McCarthyism
-known for all the ridiculous trials that McCarthy held. Investigated governmental departments and he ruined all of their careers. Mostly writers, entertainers, and artists were the people who were mainly attacked. A total of 320 writers were called communist. A few people took a stand against the ridiculous trails held and they wanted McCarthy’s trials to end.
e. Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs and Missile Crisis -
Fidel Castro’s full name is Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. Near the end 1945 Castro entered law school at the University of Havana. Castro joined an Anti-American trip that went to Bogota, Columbia. Juan Peron paid for the trip. Peron was the army colonial and president of Argentina. After Fidel Castro got married in 1948 the family started to have poor economic health. He didn't work because he was so busy with school so he made the other people in his family pay for his things. Since his family did not have much money his married became strained. Finally in 1950 Castro graduated with a Doctor of Laws Degree and started a small business in Havana. His graduation was not long before the Cuban Revolution started.
The Cuban Revolution officially started when General Fulgencio Batista attacked Santiago Chile. This attack was known as the Moncada Barracks because Batista focused on this one area during his attack. Castro was not executed for some reason after this attack. After being captured Castro wanted to overthrow Batista and all the other Cuban exiles that took part in the Moncada Barracks. Castro decided that if he was going to defeat Batista then he would need new tactics, so he decided to start using underground guerilla tactics. Batista launched Operation Verano to defeat Castro, however, Castro's forces defeated the entire batallion. On January 8, 1959, Castro and his army went into Havana victoriously. Castro became the new leader of Cuba on that day. Castro was declared Provisional President by Dr. Urrutia and on February 16, 1959, Castro became the Prime Minister of Cuba. His slogan was "Revolution Now, Election Later."
The Bay of Pigs Invasion has also been called La Batalla de Giron because that is its name in Spanish. The invasion was an extremely unsuccessful attempt by the CIA to train Cuban Exiles into overthrowing Fidel Castro. At the beginning of April 1960 the CIA started to recruit Anti-Castro Cubans. They recruited until July 1960. The CIA trained people at Upseppa Island. The Cuban Government knew that the US was planning an invasion but they did not know when it was going to happen. To throw off Castro and his men there was a fake landing before they actually landed on the Bay of Pigs. The people landed of The Bay of Pigs on April 17 at midnight. The Bay of Pigs invasion lasted nearly four days and a total of 176 men were killed.
The Cuban Missile Crisis was confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba, and the US in October in 1962. The Cuban and Soviet Union governments were building base on Cuba to build ballistic nuclear missiles. This was known to be the closest that the Cold War was to turning into a Nuclear Conflict. The Soviet Union was the owners of these nuclear missiles.
Along with the help of US government armed forces and the CIA along with trained Cuban exiles in Miami Florida. This attack was known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion because the soldiers were dropped off in the area known as the Bay of Pigs. The exiles were people who left Cuba after Castro became the leader in the government. The exiles wanted there old government back. The idea of the putting the Nuclear Missiles in Cuba was Nikita Khrushchev’s idea and the Soviet Union was doing this to counter the lead of the US in developing and deploying strategic missiles. Also the Soviets wanted to protect Cuba from more US sponsored invasions like the Bay of Pigs, which was an invasion prior to the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Photographic Proof of a missile base under construction was caught on tape by the US U-2 photoreconnaissance on October 14th 1962. The US considered attacking Cuba but then decided to make a military quarantine over Cuba. On October 23, 1962 President Kennedy signed proclamation 3504. Proclamation 3504 was authorized the military quarantine of Cuba. Soviets publicly refused to agree to the demand. The Soviets secretly agreed to resolve the crisis and follow US commands. The Crisis ended on October 28, 1962 when JFK and the United Nations Secretary- General Utahan reached an agreement with the Soviets that they would dismantle all weapons in Cuba and the US agreed to not invade the Soviets and take our Missiles out of Turkey within six months of resolving the issue.
f. China -
--- Warlord Era ---
1916 to 1926
Warlords fought battles believing they would become the ruler of China
Controlled large portions of Northern China
Nationalist Leader Sun Yat Sen died in 1925
Chaing Kai Shek became the leader
Shek wanted the country to be under control of the KMT
Shek started the Northern Expedition
Recruited warlords and armies
--- KMT and CCP ---
Communists were in the Kuomintang
Chaing hated what communism brought into China
Communists were pushed out by Chaing
Mao Zedong started his own forces and communist Society in China
April 12 1927 Chaing arrested and executed hundreds of communists
Mao formed an alliance with Zhu De and Lin Biao
The three people who formed the alliance started the Red Army
--- Chinese Civil War ---
the war began in April 1927
it was fought between the KMT and the CCP
Both sides fought to transform China
In 1934, Mao and the communist forces were surrounded and it resulted in the “Long March”
Many retreated to regroup and attack again
Mao regrouped in Jiangxi and marched north to reunite
1936 the Long March ended and they were known as the union of the three armies
Communist party fell from 300,000 to 40,000 people
The KMT was the Kuomintang and CCP was the Chinese Communist Party
--- Second-Sino Japanese War ---
Republic of China and the Empire of Japan fought this
Before 1937 they fought in “localized engagements”
Beginning of full-scale war after the invasion of Manchuria
Northeast Army of Zhang Zueling suffered major casualties
KMT was forced to side with the CCP by Zhang in desperation
Mao seized portions of land around China in 1940
Soviet Volunteers, Germany, and the US helped out China
Japanese surrendered in the mainland of China and Taiwan was reclaimed
This was the largest Asian war yet
--- Rise of Communism ---
Chaing tried to get rid of the CCP after the was with Japan
KMT had too many casualties to fight back against the CCP
CCP gained massive support from Soviet Russia
The CCP defeated Chaing
KMT government was forces to retreat to Taiwan
During the Civil War, Nationalists strength went way down
Communist forces increased form one million to four million.
---Chaing Kai Shek ---
Communist troops took Chengdu
May-ling evacuated Chaing and his son to Taiwan
Moved government to Taipei to Taiwan
March 1 of 1950 Chaing resumed power and duties as president
--- Marxism and China ---
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the founders of Marxism
The study of Marxism in China was started by Mao Zedong
It promised riches for China
Marxism influenced many people to support Mao and his society of communism
This communist society brought down nationalism and communism
Named “Maoism” after Mao became the leader of China
--- Great Leap Forward and the Great Famine ---
1958 to 1962
The Great leap forward was a campaign by the CCP
Everyone in China had to get involved in steel-making
Major Economic disaster
Farmers left their crops which was over 85% of the farmers had to leave and that made the food supply really low
This led to the Great Famine nationwide that cost more than 40 million lives
Three Year Natural Disaster
--- Cultural Revolution ---
May of 1966
Betrayal within the communist party
Communist leaders went different directions and that created Chaos all over the place in China
Communists fought for the leadership of the CCP
Hundreds of million of innocent Chinese were killed or imprisoned
Red Guards in Public killed people instead of trying to make them calm
Arrested the Gang of Four
--- Party Stoppers ---
The first wave of army personal to try and stop the riots in China
--- Mao Zedong ---
Lost trust in many of the CCP’s top leader
Suffered from a neuron heart disease
On September 2 he suffered a heart attack and he died six days later
--- Tiananmen Square Massacre ---
Happened in 1989
First Time CCP army killed civilians publicly
Protest was due to embezzlement, corruption, and conspiracy between government officials and businessmen
They demanded for the freedom of press, speech, and assembly
g. Nuclear Arms Race and Reductions –
--- Nuclear Arms Race was from 1945 to 1970.
The Manhattan Project was the American Plans for the Atomic Bomb. The US feared Germany in the early 1930’s of being capable of producing Atomic Bombs. Potsdam Conference was When Stalin found out about how the US was making Atomic Weapons. Inside information was given from Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall to Stalin at the conference. Joseph Stalin knew about the nuclear arms before President Truman did. The Soviet Union struggled with making the Atomic Bombs because they had a lack of uranium. The Soviet Union detonated the First Atomic Bomb on August 29 of 1949. The Soviet Union called their Atomic Bomb the “Joe One.” The US detonated the first hydrogen bomb in November of 1952. Hydrogen Bombs were produced and were very large. Fission or fission and fusion were how they produced. Small Amounts of atoms but large amounts of PAIN INFLICITON! Massive Retaliation was when you have nuclear weapons and you use them against him and once you get attacked, you attack back so people stop attacking because they know they will just get attacked right back. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was the saying that there could be no nuclear arms testing above ground. So people started testing underground.
h. How the Cold War ended. –
Brun’s Information- The Cold War ended because the Soviet Union was in so much debt from the Afghan War. The Soviets were is ruins after trying to defeat their enemy in the country of Afghanistan, they Russians bombed them so much, but they spent to much money on the war against the Afghans. The Soviet Union was in too much debt after this war and they became very weak. Gorbachev brought up Perestroika and Glasnost in the Soviet Union. Countries that came out of this in Europe were Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova. The Perestroika and Glasnost was great for the US but bad for the Soviet Union.
How the Cold War ended- It is questions how the US won the Cold War or if they just watched the Soviet Union fall apart. Events leading up to the end of the Cold War were The Space Race, Entering Afghanistan, and keeping up with the US. Reagan knew if he waited their funds would be gone. The only way it was going to end was if one of us aka the US and the Soviets was if one of us stopped trying in the Cold War. Cuban Missile Crisis blew up Soviet Pride. The Soviet Union started trying to keep up with the US nuclear arsenal. The Soviet Union was spending money on satellite nations which were small countries around the Soviet Union. 1979- the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. The Soviet Union spent a lot of money to try and keep the war under Soviet Authority. The US secretly trained rebels to rally against the Soviet Union. Afghans defeated the Soviet and withdrew in 1989. The Soviet leader during the time they began to fail was Mikhail Gorbachev and the end of the Afghan War the Soviet went into a depression. Rapid changes in the Soviet economy caused problems. In order to save the Soviet Union, they had to give up the support satellite nations or keep up with the US. Results from the fall of the Soviet Union was the Berlin Wall. The City of Berlin divided the Soviets and the US in Berlin. The wall became a symbol of the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. In 1950 to 1960 the standard of living in the West Germany and Berlin doubled.
5. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Korean Conflict.
1950’s was when North Korea invaded South Korea. The North wanted to become communist and the South wanted to be in a democracy. The North wanted to unite the entire country in communism, and the south wanted to unite under a democracy. 90% of the UN forces were American. The UN and the South Koreans pushed the Communists back to the Yalu River and then China thought we were going to invade them. China invaded Korea and that started the back and forth war. China preempted our attack and we pushed them back up. This was within the beginning months. Eventually there was a stale mate and they stopped fighting in 1953 I about the same place that it stated. The De-Militarized Zone is still covered by many American troops. North Korea has Nuclear Weapons and that makes them up higher on the US “watch” list. North Korea is suffering right now because the government spends all their money on the military. South Korea is still flourishing. The Battle was a “lose” to the US because we did not stop North Korea from being communists.
6. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Vietnam Conflict.
The Vietnam War took place from 1950 to 1975. France lost to the Vietnamese in 1950. Vietnam thought they had their freedom after the beat the French. In 1961, the US sent military advisers to South Vietnam. By 1964 the US sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers to fight with South Vietnam against North Vietnam. North Vietnam was Communist and South Vietnam was Democracy. The Southern communist soldiers were known as the Vietcong’s. 1964 was when the US started escalation. The Vietnam War was a very popular war at that time. One of the things that made the war unpopular was when a Buddhist monk doused himself in gasoline and started himself on fire in the middle of a street. In 1964, Several US ships were supposedly attacked by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was the US Congress giving President Linden Johnson the right to do anything he wanted in Vietnam. The Vietcong used many elderly people, children, and women to do their dirty work. Sometimes the US was seen as the “bad” guy in the Vietnamese War even by US citizens. General William Westmoreland was the major general in the Vietnamese War. Until 1968, people were against the Vietnamese war or for the Vietnamese War. The Tet offensive was on the New Year’s celebration in Vietnam. Militarily the US owned the Vietnamese soldiers. Public Opinion killed the US victory on this. The People in the US thought that the war had been almost over for four years now. WEIRD. Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the North Vietnamese. People got out of the Military Draft by going to Canada or Sweden. They went to college, got married, medically unfit for service, Join the National Guard or Peace Corps, claimed to be a homosexual, or being RICH. The Vietnam War was considered to be the poor mans war. More white people got out of the war. Nixon announced “vietnamization” of the war. This meant that the US was going to pull out of the war and let the Vietnamese fight themselves. North Vietnam and South Vietnam ended the war in 1973, BUT North Korea invaded South Korea and by 1976, the entire country of Vietnam became Communist. Vietnam is one of 5 countries still today that is communist.
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