1. Students will understand the impact the Great Depression and New Deal had on the US. -- causes of the Great Depression included: bank failures, savings and bank runs, business bankruptcy, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth, industries in trouble, housing starts fall, price-supports, and agriculture surplus, less money, low standard of living, stock market crash, and Black Tuesday. The effects of the Great Depression included banks closed, people loss jobs, people loss homes Shantytowns, farm foreclosures, soup kitchens, hobos became common, suicide, malnourished children, schools closed, tenant farming and the Dust Bowl. The Great Depression had a huge impact on the United States. The people of the country went from the wonderful Roaring 20’s into one of the darkest times in our country. The Great Depression had a huge effect on the economy and unemployment rate of the United States. The Great Depression also had a big effect on children. A lot of children took a lot of responsibility during the Great Depression. The people that were hurt the most by the depression were colored people. Nearly ½ of the black people were unemployed during this time.
The New Deal was made to counteract the Great Depression. It had a huge impact on the United States. The First New Deal was from 1933-34. It didn't end the depression, but helped with the suffering of people. It tried to get a more organized partnership between corporations and the government. It wanted to restore the economy from the top down; it would start with the banks. The 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act set up the New Deal's strategy of fighting back the depression. It focused on economy recovery. The Second New Deal 1935-1941 wanted to restore the economy from the bottom up. They wanted to help the common people get jobs so that they would be able to pay for things. It emphasized social justice. It wanted to turn non consumers into consumers again. The three R's were Relief, Reform, and Recovery. The New Deal helped a lot of people here are some acts that were passed to help people.
Unemployed- The Civilian Conservation Corps provided relief, rehabilitation, and training for about around three million men. They would provide jobs for men, some of the jobs included building parks, fighting forest fires, and planting trees. The CCC was aimed mainly for men from the ages of 18-25. The Civil Works Administration was made to provide jobs for many unemployed people. Most of the jobs that they gave were construction jobs, It hired around 4 million people and it promised high wages.
Federal Emergency Relief Act helped the homeless. It gave out welfare checks out to people and also helped people buy food and clothes. It also put 15 million people a place to work. The FERA ended in 1934. It became too costly and was very controversial, that is why it did not last very long.
Farmers- The Farm Security Administration was made to help poor farmers that were affected by the dust bowl. It was set up in 1937. Smaller farms were bought by the government and were made better. In 1944 The Conservation Coalition took control of the FSA. It made it into a program that would help farmers buy land. The FSA was known mostly for the photographs that they took. One example was the Migrant Mother that was taken by Dorthea Lange.
The Rural Electrification Administration was a loan program for rural electrification and telephone service. It primary goal was to promote rural electrification. It provided farms with inexpensive electric lighting and power. It also pushed private businesses to extend services to the countryside. They also pushed to lower the rates that rural areas would have to pay for electricity.
The Agriculture Adjustment Act was passed so that the farmers could gain stability. The government paid farmers to reduce the amount of land they were farming. The money that they were getting for reducing land would only come from people that bought the crops or animals; they could also spill milk and slaughter animals. The AAA of 1933 was declared unconstitutional so the AAA of 1938 put a tax on every person to pay the farmers. It also set price-supports for the crops which helped them gain stability.
The Tennessee Valley Authority was created in 1933. It was created to help generate electricity. This helped to create new jobs for people. The problem with the Tennessee Valley was that it had major flooding. The TVA was aimed to prevent flooding by creating dams. The dams could make money from electricity and make money from taxes.
The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act was the first national soil conservation act. A reason that it was started was soil erosion and overproduction; it came about after the Dust Bowl. The acts main goal was to control and prevent erosion. They provided resources, controlled floods, and prevent the destruction of reservoirs.
Factory workers/labor- The National Recovery Act created minimum wages and maximum weekly working hours. It helped make sure that people were getting paid a proper amount of money for the amount of time that they were working.
Young people- The National Youth Administration was established in June of 1935. Eleanor Roosevelt came up with the idea for this. It helped young people find jobs while they were still in school. It was for both males and females.
Banks/business- The FDIC is a deposit corporation that guarantees the safety of one's money in member banks. It was originated by the Glass-Steagal Act of 1933. The FDIC protected consumer functions, manage failed banks, and observes particular companies for safety. The Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934 created SEC. They were made to restore confidence in markets and have clearer rules for dealing and more reliable information. They must tell truth about their business like what they are selling and the risks. Brokers and dealers must treat investors fairly. Former June 6, 1934. If someone purchases more than 5% of a business must report to the SEC. It regulated the stock-market. It made the stock market more secure, it is still around today.
The Emergency Bank Relief Act was also known as the bank holiday. This act closed down banks and 5000 banks were passed. It regulated the Secretary of the Treasury and allowed the president to declare a National Emergency. It changed the ways that banks worked during emergencies such as the Stock Market Crash. It would close down banks and then assure people that if it was re-opened their money was safe. This act was made to help with the effects of the Great Depression for the banks.
The Federal Security Act was meant to require investors to receive a lot of information on stocks that are out for public sale. It also prohibited fraud and misrepresentations. This act also made the issuers of stocks to show information about the terms of the stocks. They also wanted to prevent anybody that had inside information from rigging the stock prices.
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation gave 2 billion dollars to help aid state and local governments and banks. It helped with the economic troubles of the Great Depression. It mainly helped by loaning money out to people and businesses. It first gave money to the businesses that needed help the most so that they could continue to operate.
The Banking of Act of 1935 had permanent insurance would be maintained at the 5,000 dollar level. It tightened restrictions of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in the field of credit management. It made the banks more responsible with control and power.
Home owners-The Home Owners' Loan Act helped people avoid having their homes foreclosed in the Depression. It extended the loan repayment period and divided the single of payments into smaller payments. It was established in 1933. It granted long-term mortgage loans for 1 million homeowners. The HOLA would judge the cities by the number of colored people that lived in that area.
The Federal Housing Administration- It would help people pay loans for bigger payments The FHA would help people pay back loans so that they could get loans for houses from bankers.
Elderly- The Social Security Administration was passed and helped elderly, disable, and retired people. A Social Security card was what insured that people were U.S. citizens. Roosevelt was the first president to help the elderly. Women that worked in the house were considered unemployed so that they would get unemployment checks. It also provided benefits to the retired and unemployed. This act provided for a lot of controversy.
Native Americans- The Indian Reorganization Act would allow Native American lands would now belong to the entire tribe. Native American children were able to go to school on reservations. The tribes could also elect a tribal council that would govern the reservations.
Consumers- The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act had testing done for all things that were sent out and made stricfter standards on things that were going to be used by consumers. It also started food have stricter labels on them.
2. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of WWII.
-Pearl Harbor- The attack on Pearl Harbor was a Japanese military strike run by the Japanese Navy against the United States naval base located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This attack took place the morning December 7, 1941. It was known to the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters as Operation Z. As a result of this attack the United States entered into WWII.
The Japanese intended to use this attack to prevent the U.S. Pacific Fleet from having influence on the war the Empire of Japan was planning against Britain and the Netherland, and the U.S. in the Philippines.
During this attack there were two aerial attack waves that consisted of 353 aircraft taking off from 6 different Japanese aircraft carriers and some submarines. Four of our U.S. Navy battleships were sunk and the other 4 battleships in the area were all damaged. Two of these Navy battleships that were sunk were later repaired and used later on in the war. Here are some of the other things that were either damaged or sunk:
-Three cruisers
-Three destroyers
-Anti-aircraft training ship
-One minelayer
And 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed. On this ay 2,402 people were killed and another 1,282 were wounded.
On the bright side the power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage building were not attacked. Also the Submarine piers and the headquarters building were not attacked.
The Japanese lost some but not anything that matched up to the loss we had. They lost 29 aircraft, 5 midget submarines, and 65 Japanese servicemen were either wounded or killed. We did manage to capture one Japanese sailor.
The U.S. hadn’t expected anything like this to happen. As a result of this attack the strong support for isolationism that many Americans had was now gone and the US entered into WWII. It also moved The US into active alliance and participation in the European Theater which was a huge area of heavy war across Europe all the way from September 1, 1939 when Poland was invaded by Germany until the war ended on May 8, 1945 when Germany surrendered.
I think that this attack was kind of worthless because Japan didn't destroy all the stuff they felt was really important to destroy. On top of that they lost some of their own men andd equipment. It probably wasn't one of their smarter moves. It would have been better if it never happened because we might not have gone to war. I wonder what the U.S. would be like now if we didn't fight.
-D-Day-- The invasion of Normandy was also called Operation Neptune or Operation Overlord. These invasions or attacks happened on Tuesday, June 6th, 1944. At 6:30 AM. This invasion happened in two phases.1: Air assault which consisted of 24,000 airborn troops all together. 2: Amphibious landing. This is the largest amphibious invasion in history. It consiisted of over 175,000 troops hitting the island on this date. There was also over 5,000 naval ships involved in this invasion.
Germany and had basically dug themselves into this island. They had many machine guns and other high caliber weapons in sometimes complicated concrete structers. These would sometimes be built in the hills that overlooked the whole bay. They also layed hundreds of thousands of mines to deteriorate vehicle landings.
The toughest problem in this invasion was the crossing of the English channel where basically everybody got destroyed. The allies had a couple different islands of the coast of Normandy and Germany and their allies basically had it all.
This was one of the most important battles on the western front. During this invasion it was Cloudy and pouring rain. (Just a random fact).
I think d-day is the most interesting battle i have read about or learned about but it is horrible how we lost so many lives. You would think that after everybody was get slaughtered by machine guns they would stop sending troops up and do something different but they didnt and because of that i think they lost a lot of extra lives they could have possibly saved. The allies were way outnumbered too because they had a small amount of land and Germany had the whole coast basically.
-Atomic bombing-- Towards the end of WWII, the US dropped two ATOMIC BOMBS on Japanese cities. These cites were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Little Boy Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and the Fat Man Atomic Bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. These cites were pretty much flattened after that and they also had many casualties. The death toll was in the mid to upper 100,000’s. The Fat man Bomb was made of Plutonium which was stronger than the U235 that the Little Boy was made out of. The Fat Man bomb was not dropped in the right spot so it did just about the same damage as the Little Boy bomb did, and the little boy bomb dropped almost perfectly on target.
-Africa/European Front---
African Front: A large amount of battles between the axis and the allied powers during WWII in Africa. The United States got involved in this war in 1941. The battles started with the Italian Declaration of War. This war consisted of desert warfare. The war came out as a win for the allied powers. The main general for the United States was General George S. Patton. The Main leader for Germany was Erwin Rommel.
European Front: The Italian/Mediterranean front began after the African Front. The main idea was to capture the German and Italian forces in Italy. This was also started to relieve pressure from the Soviets. They started with an invasion of Sicily and then moved inland towards Italy. The Apennine Mountains made this a difficult campaign, and the allies struggled in advancing to Rome. The German forces surrendered in Italy on May 2, 1945.
-Pacific Front-- The Philippine Campaign began in 1941 when Japan invaded the Philippines and the campaign ended in 1942. The United States got involved with this because we were allies with the Philippines. The Japanese took over Malia, and there they ordered death marches. They occupied the Philippines until 1945. In February, the United States took over the city of Malia. Also, the Battle of Coral Sea took place during the Pacific Front, there were also the United State’s atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan constructed Kamikaze (suicide) Attacks when a crazy little Japanese Man would fly a plane into a ship to destroy the ships. There were also the major battles such as the Battle of Midway and Iwo Jima. The countries communicated through codes such as Ultra and Purple, it was basically some scrambler messenger thing, and there were machines to unscramble them and whatnot. We called this the spying game. The United States used Navajo Indians as code talkers to communicate in their unpublished languages.
3. Students will understand how/why the Allies won WWII.-- The allies’ powers won World War II for many reasons. The allies had many resources and used the resources to make more things. We also won because of the technology that we used mainly the use of the atomic bomb. We also had a Navajo code that could not be broken and also had good code breaking technology. Another reason that we won was that Germany turned on the Soviet Union which was a huge mistake. Hitler was also killing Jews and the people that built the United States atomic bomb were Jews from Europe. Germany would have had the first atomic bomb if Hitler had not done this. The allied forces also won because the United States was on their side and we were a huge power during that time.
4. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Cold War.--
a. Define the Cold War and it's causes-- east vs. west
(communism vs. democracy)
(control vs. freedom)
Communism- a government system where the government has COMPLETE control.. trying to make this like whole utopian society where everyone is created equal, robinhood style, everyone is created equal but equal means poor.
Democracy- the people vote, the people do what they want but are abided by some law, everyone has certain rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom of the press but this is not allowed in a communist government
Socialism- government controls the businesses
Capitalism- people control their own businesses. communists hate capitalists.
The Causes of the Cold War..
was was between the communists and the non communists, which includes like democratic governments and certain dictatorships.
At the end of WWII, Germany was split into four equal parts. The four parts were divided by the United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia. This almost led to a war between us and the Soviet Union.
We made an atomic bomb. this upsetted the USSR..
Treaty between Russia and Poland saying they cannot atack each other.. the border treaty?
Iron Curtain.. russia had control over poland east germany hungary romania bulgaria and Czechoslovakia
Bolshevik Revolution.. when russia became communists.. this is the birthplace of the cold war.. this is when hatred torwards communists was developed
The First Red Scare.. started with the fear of anarchism and communism. searching people without a warrent and deporting people who he thought were communists. we do all of these things to get the communists out of our country
b. Policy of Containment -domino effect, mutual deterrence, massive retaliation, Truman Doctine, Marshall Plan, NATO-- The Policy of Containment was what the United States used to stop the spread of communism. It built up foreign security, prevent the domino effect, and President Truman best represented the Policy of Containment. George Keenan was the creator of the Policy of Containment. He was a US ambassador and diplomat. He was the critic of numerous international policies. The Domino Effect was a Communism Theory. If the Soviets took over more and more countries then the whole world would become Communist. The Domino Effect helped bring up the Policy of Containment. Mutual Deterrence was if the Soviet Union launched missiles at us then we would in turn fire missiles at them. It was also called Massive Retaliation. The Truman Doctrine was the U.S. strategy for the containment of Communism. Some countries feared the Truman Doctrine. With all the concern about the bill, Truman passed the bill. The Truman Doctrine gave military aid to Greece and Turkey because we thought that communism was spreading there so we wanted to help them stop the spread of communism. The Marshall Plan was the European Recovery Program. It would create a stronger economic foundation. George C. Marshall was the man that set up this proposal. The United States gave Europe 13 million dollars. The lent money because many of the major cities in Europe were destroyed after the war. We thought that if we didn't lend money then the Soviet Union would help them and turn them into Communists. George Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize for creating the Marshall Plan. NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was signed on April 4, 1949. The headquarters of NATO are in Brussels, Belgium. It is a defensive alliance. If a country is attacked that is a member of NATO and another country attacks it the countries that are in NATO would go help out the country that got attacked. The Korean War was crucial for NATO because it raised the threat level greatly. NATO was the alliance of the United States, Canada, and Western Europe.
c. Both Berlin Crises---
The wall separated East and West Berlin.
Included guard towers along a largee concrete wall which circumcised a large open area.
THis was later referred to as the Death Strip.
There were also anti vehicle trenches, fakir beds and many other defenses.
One side of the berlin wall was communist where you were controlled by the government.
and the other side you were free.
In 1989 after a series of radical political changes in eastern bloc, things began to change.
After weeks of unrest, the east german governments announced on November 9, 1989, that immigration to west Germany and Berlin was permitted.
The final piece of the wall was officially removed on October 3, 1990.
d. The Red Scare--McCarthyism and HUAC-- Senator Joe McCarthy
The Second Red Scare
Happened after WW2.
Fear of communists
Was the big fear that communism would take over the world again.
People trialed
“McCarthyism”
McCarthyism
Started with the end of WW2 and the start of the cold war
“Red Scare”
anti-communists
McCarthy era
McCarthyism was where they would accuse someone of being communist although they really weren’t.
McCarthy’s involvement start February 9, 1950
He made a speech saying he had a list of 205 people that were thought to be linked to communist although some really weren’t.
McCarthyism
Is known for ridiculous trials
Investigated government departments
Passports taken away, jailed if refused to give names
Destroyed a lot of peoples carers
Mostly destroyed writers, entertainers, artists
Altogether he blacklisted 320 artists
Also attacked literature because he thought they were trying to give communist hints through their writing
The voice of the People
Few people known to stand against McCarthyism
Mort Sahl- comedian
Edward R. Murrow – reporter
Army McCarthy hearings
In the Fall of 1953.
Widely televised
Investigation Army Signal Corps
Announced search for alleged espionage ring
He was trying to attack General Ralph W. Zwicker
See it now, McCarthy and aide Roy Cohn demanded special for G. David Schine.. being held hostage to not exert pressure to expose communists in the ranks..
This lead to the end of what McCarthy was doing because this was the first time he had every really been beaten out in a trial
Popularity had been plummeting through the Army-McCarthy Hearings
McCarthy attacked a young legal aide of Joseph Nye Welch
Hearings grew to an inconclusive finish
Lost the chairmanship of the Government committee on Operations of the Senate.
He fought communists until his death
“pale ghost of his former self”
he suffered from cirrhosis of the liver
it’s said that he suffered from
he died from, acute hepatitis on May 2, 1957
He was replaced by a democrat
Jenna
Berlin Blockade and airlift
Berlin Blockade was June 24 1948 to May 24 to 1989
First major international crises of the cold war
Yalta Conference split Germany into four parts and Berlin into four parts
e. Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs and Missile Crisis—The Bay of pigs invasion was an invasion led by the US CIA with Cuban exiles. They trained these exiles and invaded cuba hoping to overrun Fidel Castro and his government. This is the main reason along with other small US sponsored invasions why the Cuban Missile Crisis came along. The Cuban missile crisis is when the Soviet Union sent inter mediate range ballistic nuclear missiles. They did this because they wanted to be ahead of the US in the Nuclear arms race and tthey wanted protection from more US sponsored invasions. They also wanted the first strike edge. They were ahead enough that they could strike the US first if they chose too. We had a military quarantine of cuba. We had them disassemble all of the offensive weapons and send them back to Russia. In this agreement we agreed to refrain from attacking them ever again and we also agreed to mpull our missiles out of Turkey.
f. China-- --- Warlord Era ---
1916 to 1926
Warlords fought battles believing they would become the ruler of China
Controlled large portions of Northern China
Nationalist Leader Sun Yat Sen died in 1925
Chaing Kai Shek became the leader
Shek wanted the country to be under control of the KMT
Shek started the Northern Expedition
Recruited warlords and armies
--- KMT and CCP ---
Communists were in the Kuomintang
Chaing hated what communism brought into China
Communists were pushed out by Chaing
Mao Zedong started his own forces and communist Society in China
April 12 1927 Chaing arrested and executed hundreds of communists
Mao formed an alliance with Zhu De and Lin Biao
The three people who formed the alliance started the Red Army
--- Chinese Civil War ---
the war began in April 1927
it was fought between the KMT and the CCP
Both sides fought to transform China
In 1934, Mao and the communist forces were surrounded and it resulted in the “Long March”
Many retreated to regroup and attack again
Mao regrouped in Jiangxi and marched north to reunite
1936 the Long March ended and they were known as the union of the three armies
Communist party fell from ,000 to 40,000 people
The KMT was the Kuomintang and CCP was the Chinese Communist Party
--- Second-Sino Japanese War ---
Republic of China and the Empire of Japan fought this
Before 1937 they fought in “localized engagements”
Beginning of full-scale war after the invasion of Manchuria
Northeast Army of Zhang Zueling suffered major casualties
KMT was forced to side with the CCP by Zhang in desperation
Mao seized portions of land around China in 1940
Soviet Volunteers, Germany, and the US helped out China
Japanese surrendered in the mainland of China and Taiwan was reclaimed
This was the largest Asian war yet
--- Rise of Communism ---
Chaing tried to get rid of the CCP after the was with Japan
KMT had too many casualties to fight back against the CCP
CCP gained massive support from Soviet Russia
The CCP defeated Chaing
KMT government was forces to retreat to Taiwan
During the Civil War, Nationalists strength went way down
Communist forces increased form one million to four million.
---Chaing Kai Shek ---
Communist troops took Chengdu
May-ling evacuated Chaing and his son to Taiwan
Moved government to Taipei to Taiwan
March 1 of 1950 Chaing resumed power and duties as president
g. Nuclear Arms Race and Reductions-- The nuclear arm race was when the Soviet Union and United States built up nuclear weapons. The time period that this took place was from 1945-1970. The Manhattan project was the project that built atomic weapons. We feared the Germany was advancing there technology, It was led by Leslie Groves. The Potsdam Conference was when Stalin first found out that the United States was making atomic weapons. He got inside information from atomic spies like Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall. Stalin knew about the nuclear weapons before Truman because they were extremely secret. The Soviets had a lack of uranium which made it had to make bombs. The first Soviet bomb was dropped on August 29, 1949. It was called the Joe One. The United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb in November 1952. The Mutually Assured Destruction also referred to as MAD said that if one side attacked the other side, the side that was attacked would launch a bigger attack. Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative was used by the United States to defend them from being attacked by missiles. Lasers and rockets that could hit the missile and destroy it could be used. Some other things that were discussed were the possibility of rockets that would stick to the missile and destroy it.
h. How the Cold War ended.—It ended because the Soviet Union was in debt from the afghan war. After the soviets tried to fight their enemy in Afghanistan they were ruined. The Soviet Union became very week after this.
People were debating on whether or not the US actually won the cold war or if they kinda just stood by and watched the Soviet Union fall.
5. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Korean Conflict.—North Korea and South Korea are technically still in war against each other since they have not signed a peace treaty. Right now we know that North Korea is in possession of nuclear weapons. One of the hotspots in the world is North Korea right now. There is a line between North Korea and South Korea which is called the DMZ or the Demilitarized Zone. The US still has thousands of troops stationed there.
6. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Vietnam Conflict. – Split in two kind of like Korea. It was from 1950-1975. In 1950 France lost to the Vietnamese so they left. Vietnam was split at the seventeenth parallel line. By 1964 the US started to send hundreds of thousands of troop over to Vietnam. The North invaded the South so the US had to get involved. At this time the war is relatively minor. The south Vietnamese army was an ally to the US. We were under escalation where the US involvement in the war increased over the years the war was going on. 1964 is when we really got in the war because several US ships were supposedly attacked by North Vietnameese torpedoes in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Vietcong used a lot of women, children, and elderly to do a lot of their dirty business. This way it was really hard to tell who was the bad guy because the ones that look innocent you didn’t know whether or not you should shoot them. It wasn’t that big of a deal until 1968. President Johnson and General William Westmoreland kept saying that with more troops we will win the war. Most Americans tended to believe this at first. The American publics faith was shattered, on January 30, 1968, when the enemy, launched an attack. The Tet offensive was the offensive attack when everybody thought the war was about over because they thought that the enemy was about to surrender but all the sudden they did this attack. It shattered many Americans hope that the war was soon going to be over. As the war got more popular people would try and get out of the draft. They would do things like go to Canada or Sweden. You could go to college or get married. Medically unfit for service. Joined the National Guard or Peace Corps. Claimed to be homosexual. Being rich. Nixon decided he wanted to pull our troops and let the Vietnamese fight their own war. In 1973 we pulled out the North and South Vietnam realized their independence and the war ended. Vietnam ended up becoming communist.
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