Impact the Industrial Revolution had on the United States:
There were many reasons that led up to the Industrial Revolution. A wealth of natural resources, a government support for businesses, a growing urban population, and cheap labor and markets for new products. The government support for businesses led to the laissez-faire. The laissez-faire is when the government is going to keep their hands off and leave the businesses alone. The industrial revolution led to iron and steel. Steel was stronger and could support more which also made the industrial revolution take off.
Impact that Immigration and Urbanization had on the United States:
Immigration is when a person/people migrate into another country usually for permanent residence. People from Europe, Russia, China, Japan, Jamaica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico came over for a better life and new jobs. Mexicans came over to escape political term while the Jews came to escape religious persecution.
Urbanization is the rapid growth of cities. The Americanization movement was created to bring people from many different cultures together to form one dominate culture. Urbanization brought about many problems, so Jane Addams came about with the settlement houses. Settlement houses were meant to serve the poor and provide whatever aid was needed. Urbanization led to improved cities.
Impact that the Progressive Era had on the United States:
The progressive era was a time from 1890-1920 where the United States made a lot of progress. Helping out the common people was the main idea of the era. Getting better wages and women having the right to vote was what the progressive aimed toward. The first goals included protecting social welfare which meant helping out the poor. The second goal was to promote moral improvement which included prohibition (banning of alcohol). Creating economic reform was changing how our economy is run allowing more people to have a say in our government/economy. Fostering efficiency was used to see how people were using their time in the factories which meant trying to be efficient so prices would come down. The progressives came up with child labor laws, better wages for workers, workman’s compensation, better work hours, and eventually minimum wage. They also made our country more democratic.
Impact Imperialism had on the United States:
Imperialism is when a strong country goes out and conquers a weaker country. It became very common with the major powers of the world including Great Britain, Germany, France, and the United States. Countries looked to imperialism because it brought military power and prestige to your country. It also brought naval bases, refueling stations, and money for natural resources as well as opening new markets to trade. The belief in cultural superiority led to the white man’s burden. McKinley wanted to “take them all and educate the Filipinos, uplift, civilize, and Christianize them. Taft said we must help “our little brown brothers” on the Filipinos.
Causes of World War 1:
1. Militarism: Countries internationally were growing their armies to protect empires and colonies and further national pride. Militaries tried to out-do each other with the weapons, amount of men, etc. By 1914 most allied nations had strong, well-built military. Germany attempted to build a more stronger navy than Great Britain. This caused Great Britain to ally itself with Russia and France.
2. Imperialism. European countries wanted part of Asia and most of Africa. Competition for land increased and desires for greater empires increased drastically. The want for colonies made rivalries stronger introducing disagreements and more conflicts.
3. Nationalism. Austria-Hungary was the one main focal point of nationalistic tendencies. The Czechs, Slovakians, Poles, and the slaves caused resentment to other nationalities. The resentment made nationalities want to break away from the empire. Russia was a slavic nation and encouraged the Slavs to break away from the Austria-Hungarian empire a few times.
4. The assassination of Archduke Franz Fernandad was another factor that caused the war to break out. He was invited to inspect army manuevers and even though he wasn’t well liked, his assassination was an excuse for Austria to go to war with Serbia.
Causes for United States involvement in world war 1:
The United States tried to stay neutral but eventually things got out of control and they had to enter and declare war. The Germans destroyed the Lusitania which was a u-boat. It was one of 90 that got destroyed. American businesses were a cause for the US involvement.
Trench warfare and weapons:
Trench warfare is where the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed-wire entanglement. It is a combat in which each side has a system of protective trenches. Trench warfare caused problems including rats, rotting bodies, trench foot, and death.
Rifle-most widely used, 1,400 meters was average range and could be operated by one soldier, disadv: accuracy was only 600 meters and had to take time to refill it.
Machine gun-Adv: kill many people at once, long ranges, other countries had to make new fighting strategies. Disadv: ammunition was heavy, gun itself was bigger and heavier innacurate compared to rifle, often got overheated and took 2-3 people to move and fire. french-worst & Germans-best
gas-Adv: could kill many people at once Disadv: gas masks, had to carry around, ran out fast. gas was first used by the French. Bayonets- (spear at the end of a gun) Adv: new bayonets were produced enabling soldiers to shoot with bayonet still in place, defensive weapon, used with close contact fighting, used for food. Disadv: not everyone was well trained with the bayonett and risk of getting shot. Zeppelin-Air ship (blimp), rigid so it could be bigger and powerful engines. Made from metal, gasbags with helium, carried weapons, abandoned quickly. tank- used for the first time in WW1, needed 3 people. maximum speed was 3 mph! couldn't cross trenches and new tanks were made toward the end of the war.
planes- Adv: weapons could be delivered fast to the soldiers, spied on other people. Disadv: could be shot down and "dogfights" (fighter planes)
torpedoes-used by submarines, germans used them, used to blow up ships from America-Britain. grenades-Adv: killed people in large amounts, could be thrown into an exact location. Disadv: Tiring to carry around and ran out quickly.
US Homefront:
The women had to take charge of the men’s jobs for the first time in history. They worked in assembly lines of factories, produced tanks, trucks, and other war materials, and also helped out the Red Cross. The US needed to maintain and manage their food so they had “wheatless Mondays” and “meatless Tuesdays.” In the war, 14% more African Americans lost their lives compared to the whites. African Americans decided to set up protests against discrimination. They then went from southern towns to big northern cities. Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed. If you said anything that was against America’s involvement in the war, you were punished. When the war broke out, the United States economy was in recession. Being involved in the war shifted the national production of goods. However, war bonds made people loan money to the US government. It was something you had to do and not by choice.
Wilson’s 14 Points and the Treaty of Versailles:
#1 No more secret alliances between countries.
#2 Absolute free navigation of the sea.
#3 An end to all economic and trade barriers between nations.
#4 A general reduction of arms to ensure public safety.
#5 Decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial. Everyone should have a say.
#6 The German Army was to be removed from Russia, so it could politically develop itself without being forced to help.
#7 Belgium should be evacuated and restored just the way it was.
#8 France should be evacuated and fully liberated, including the Alsace-Lorraine.
#9 The clear readjustment of the Italian border.
#10 Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary
#11 The Balkan States should be restored with freedom of the seas for Serbia.
#12 The Turkish people should be allowed to govern themselves; independence for Turkey. Also, the Darndanelles should be permanently open for access.
#13 Poland should have independence as well as freedom of the seas.
#14 A league of nations should be developed in order to protect world peace.
In summary: These 14 points were exactly what Germany was expecting to be on the treaty to end the war. However, the meeting between leaders of England, France, Italy, and America did not go as planned. In the end, The treaty of Versailles was born, and it didn't look much like Wilsons 14 points.
Treaty of Versailles- Peace settlement was signed after World War 1 ended in 1918. The Treaty was signed in Versailles Palace near Paris- between Paris and the Allies on June 28, 1919. The Treaty of Versailles is what Germany was expecting to be the end of the war. In the end, the Treaty of Versailles was born and did not look much like Wilson’s 14 points.
Roaring 20’s and the return to normalcy:
The 1920’s began to roar with prohibition, golden age of sports, radio and advertisement. It was also the jazz age when flappers became introduced. Henry Fords model t and holes in the wall (electrical outlets) were two phenominal inventions.
Harding said that we needed to go back to the old diplomacy. Staying out of the league of nations was a plan to returning to normalcy.
Red Scare:
The red scare was a period after world war 1 that the United States thought we would become more communist. Karl Marx. The poor people would rise up and overthrow the rich people of the country so everyone could be equal. During this time, we severely restricted immigrants that came into the United States. Palmer raids went after people who were communist and deported them out of our country.
Republican Philosophy:
Republican presidents were Harding, Coolidge and Hoover. The republicans philosophy was “We today are closer to the elimination of poverty than anytime in our history.” - Hoover. However, things got worse instead of getting better
The three philosophies were:
Trickle-down theory- by helping the rich which help everyone else. Giving tax cuts to big businesses and in return give those savings to their employees. The problem is that this theory does not happen overnight.
laissez-faire- government is going to keep their hands off. businesses are going to do what they please. Without businesses out government would fall apart so why should we control them...we need to keep our hands off and stop telling them what to do. Businesses boomed because of this.
Rugged individualism- If you lost your job, work hard and get another job. Hoover believed people needed to stop up to the plate and help out themselves. It is not the governments job to step in and help you out because that just makes you lazy.
Prohibition:
Prohibition is the banning of alcoholic beverages. Prohibition was part of promoting moral improvement. Drinking was breaking the moral improvement and groups feared that alcohol was undermining american morals. Alcohol was a “destroyer” of the family. Women would get mad because men would spend all their money on alcohol instead of providing for the family.
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