Kevin Campbell
What are the main historic events that took place in 8th Grade US History that helped shape the United States up to 1877? Choose your top five. (10 points)-Chapters 1-4
The Constitution
Written Sept. 17, 1787-NOw
Article of Confederation
Created a stronger government
very vague, interpretation
Signed by the Founding Father
Protects the people rights
Trial of Tears
began in 1830 to March of 1839
Many of the Native Americans were driven off the land
Traded all Cherokee land east of the Mississippi for $5 million
President at the time was Andrew Jackson
Indeina Removal Act
Had to walk 1,200 miles
Positive- we gained farmland
Negative- Loss of culture, bad relations
Declaration of Independence
Be a separate nations of the world
Men are equal
King abused his right to rule
Wanted to create their own government
"Liberty and pursuit of happiness"
Civil War
1861-1865
Fort Sumter- confederates attacked first- 1861
Battle of Bull Run- first battle of war- confederates won this battle
Robert E. Lee(Confederate) Ulysses S. Grant (Union)
Abe(Union)wanted to abolish slavery
Battle of Gettysburg- turning point for Union July 1-3rd 1863
Surrender at Appomattox
Brought us together
April 3, 1865
Native Americans Crossing Land Bridge
25,000-15,000 years ago
3 separate migrations
1st populated most of North and South America
2nd group settled in Alaska
Many American wars would not have happened and on the contrary we wouldn't have support
How did the US change during the late 1800's and early 1900's?(10 points)-Chapters 5-8
Railroads are opened up traveling to the West
Westward Expansion
Women Work
In fields
Sheared sheep
In schools and churches
Just as involved as men
Homestead Act(1862)-
Allowed 160 acres of land to head of household- only 10% was settled by people it was intended for... people would just go out and take the land buy it and sell it then they would sell it for huge profit! For middle or lower class people
Lived in underground houses- dug into the ground, flooding of houses but safe from terrible storms, sod homes, women work with men in fields- started the right to vote from working along side/ Not a lot of wood
The inventions, oil, steel, immigration, lots of natural resources
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
Steam Engine Drill, Lots of steel- {rail roads, barbed wire, farming machines (John Deere), buildings/skyscrapers, construction, } telephone(Alexander Graham Bell, March 10,1876, Worldwide Communication Network,) typewriter
Why the immigrants came to the US
Came for jobs and sometimes to reunite with family
Famine
Land Shortages
Religious political persecution
In debt or in trouble
More opportunities-$$-The American Dream
Farming (Homestead Act), mining, working on the railroad, cattle ranching, factory work
Reunite with family
Where did immigrants come from?
Germany
Italy
Great Britain
Ireland
Europe
China
Japan
Old Immigrants: W.A.S.P.
W- white
A- Anglo
S- Saxons
P- Protestants
Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882
Banned all Chinese immigration to the US from 1882-1902
Gentleman's Agreement- 1907
Why cities grew so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's
Immigration
Farmers moved to the city
African-Americans moved to the cities
Cities offered more jobs and opportunities
Cities offered more entertainment
Problems cities faced due to the rapid increase in population
Cramped, old, dirty housing-tenement
Lack of good transportation (horses with manure everywhere)
Lack of safe drinking water
Disease was common
Streets were filthy
Crime
Fires- Cities were destroyed
To help the bad situation in the cities
Tenements- Solutions
Cities put restrictions on building wood-frame structures in the center of the city- so fires wouldn't spread to quickly
Cities encouraged the construction of lower-income dwellings on the city's outskirts- so the fire wouldn't spread to so many buildings
The Tenement House Act of 2867 defined a tenement for the first time and set construction regulations
Among these were the requirement of one toilet per 20 people
Tenement House Law-190
Outlawed the construction of new tenements on 25 foot lots and mandated improved sanitary conditions, fire escapes, and access to light
Current tenements were updated and more than 200,000 new apartments were built over the next 15 years
Most tenements were destroyed in the 1920's and especially the 1930's with FDR's New Deal
The first fully government-built public housing project opened in New York City in 1936
Lack Of Transportation- Solutions
Electric streetcars- late 1800's, early 1900's
Lack Of Safe Drinking Water- Solutions
In late 1800's, scientist had proven that diseases were spread through unsafe drinking water
In early 1900's, chlorine was added to the water to help eliminate disease
Federal regulation of drinking water quality began in 1914 which continued to strengthen over the decades
Disease was common and streets were filthy- Solutions
Add chlorine to water
Horses being replaced. eliminating the manure problem
Introduction of indoor plumbing
George A. Waring Jr.- New York City- 1895
Organized modern recycling, street sweeping, and garbage collection
Poverty- Solutions
Labor Unions
Minimum wages
Shorter hours
Child labor laws
Political machine and what did they do for a city
Political Machine- A political organization, usually controlled by a single "boss", that controlled votes and had administrative control of a city, county, or state
These organizations proved social services and jobs to people (recent immigrants) in exchange for votes
Very corrupt
Came about due to the rapid increase of population of cities and poor government in the 1800's
Died out in the early 1900's
Pendleton Civil Service Act- 1883
Required most government jobs to be given through a merit system based on test score
Leon Czolgosz killed president McKinley, he was an anarchist
Buffalo, New York at the World's Fair
September 6,1901
Eight days later, McKinley died from infection
Advances in science and technology help solve urban problems
Skyscrapers
Flatiron Building
Electric streetcars
Subways-
Cash register
Automatic dishwasher
Vacuum cleaner
Airplane-1903
Kodak Camera
Automobile
Light Bulb
Telephone
Typewriter
Radio
Toilet paper
How education changed in the late 1800's and early 1900's
Education was for the wealthy
Most states had public schools by 1865
But many school-aged children still received no formal education-worked in factories instead
Between 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school
Classes focused on the "3 R's" - reading, "riting", & "rithmetic"
Memorization and recitation was very common
Our school system set up like a factory during the Industrial Revolution
The bells
Assembly line
Students are tested and if they pass, move to the next part of the assembly line
Schools were/are "one size fits all" and prepared students to work in factories upon finishing school
Religion in Schools
Public schools had mandatory readings from the Protestant Bible
Many Catholic families were concerned
Catholic communities set up parochial schools to give their children a Catholic Education
Parochial School: a school supported by a church parish
Laws and restrictions put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended
African Americans were mostly exclude from public schools or had to attend segregated schools
In 1910, 3% of African Americans between the ages 15-19 attended H.S.
Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
Most European immigrant families sent their children to the free public schools
Children learned English and became "Americanized"
Segregation
Literacy test
Before you could vote, you had to prove that you could read or write, most blacks couldn't read or write, some poor, white people
Poll tax
Pay a little bit of money before you could vote, kept blacks from voting usually because they were poor, also poor, white people
Grandfather Clause (1-1-1867)
If your grandfather could vote prior to that day, you could vote in elections
Jim Crow laws
Segregation laws, specific laws states would pass
Lynching and violence
KKK, threats, hangings- kept the blacks from voting
Significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
Separate but Equal"
Separate and unequal in reality
According to the Supreme Court, you could have segregation as long as they were equal. In reality, nothing was equal for the African Americans
Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
Amusement Parks
Circus
Vaudeville Shows
Singing, dancing, ventriloquist shows
Minstrel Shows
Black face, over emphasize black characteristics
Parks (Central Park)
Entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's
Basketball
Golf
Boxing
Biking
Tennis
Movies. First movie in 1903 "The Great Train Robbery"
World Fairs
What impact did the Progressives have on the United States?(15 points)-Ch. 9
Politically, laws were enacted to allow citizens who normally didn’t have a voice to be heard.
Four Goals of Progressivism
Protecting Social Welfare
The Social Gospel and settlement house
Homeless Shelter gave them meals, clothes, and places to stay
Jane Adams
Sponsored education classes
Opened swimming pools
Opened libraries
Slum brigades- teach immigrants
Aimed to help poor through community enters, churches, and social services
Late 1800's and continued to progressive era
Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
Florence Kelley- advocate for women and children's lives
Promoting Moral Improvement
Some people felt morality held the key to improving lives of people
Carrie Nation
Went into bars and starting breaking alcohol
Prohibition- the banning of alcoholic beverages was one major program to improve moral improvement
Beating of women
Men came to work drunk
Cleveland, 1874 Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Women's Suffrage
What the women did
Enter saloons and protested
Would sing and pray in the bars
Urged bartenders to quit selling liquor
Creating Economic Reform
Major unbalance in income and how people lived
Many turned to "socialism"
Moral reformers sought to change individual behavior
Panic of 1893 cause Americans to question economic system
Factory workers embrace socialism
Large business received special treatment for government
Muckrakers-people who wrote about the corrupt side of business
Brought a lot of economic reform
Played a big role in bringing reform
Investigative journalists
Exposed the problems of society
Upton Sinclair- The Jungle-meatpacking
Ida Tarbell- Exposed the ruthless methods of the Standard Oil Company
Lincoln Steffens-exposed corruption in government
Capitalism is what U.S. has
Socialism has "bad" connotation
Regulation of business (Sherman Act)
Child labor laws
Women and men working hours reduced
Workmen's compensation
Fostering Efficiency
Progressive leaders put faith in experts and scientific principles to make society more efficient
Long days, low pay
1914, Henry Ford, 8 hours. $5 dollars (a day)
Efficiency brings prices down
Led to staying of workers
Less training new workers
Scientific management to increase efficiency was used in factories
Frederick Taylor- Time Management studies
Assembly line
Henry Ford paid workers $5 a day!!
Progressives also worked for better efficiency in all levels of government
Capitalism
Economic System
The means of production are privately owned
People own and control business'
Chance to go from poor to rich
Laissez-Faire
Hands off
Socialism
Social or Economic system
Property and distribution of wealth are determined by the Government
Government owns and controls business'
Elimination of private property, everyone is equal
Karl Marx
Leading figure
Father of Communism
Reforming Local Government
Natural disasters
Tidal wave, hurricane- Galveston, Texas
Texas appointed a team of 5 experts
Each expert took charge of different city department
By 1917, 500 cities had adopted
Progressives worked hard to get rid of Political Machines
Reform at the State Level
Smaller local reforms join progressive efforts at the state level
States passed laws to regulate railroads, mines, mills, phone companies, etc...
To make sure laws passed to help benefit the middle and low classes (fair prices)
Progressive Presidents work to get ride of corruption and bad people
Reform Mayors
Hazen Pingree- Detroit Michigan
Tom John son- Cleveland, Ohio
All worked for more fair tax structures
Lowered fare on public transportation
Building schools, parks, public buildings
Reform Governors
Robert M. Follette
Governor of Wisconsin (Most famous) Became Senator
Attempted to put railroads out of business
Tried to take out bigger businesses and put to the power in smaller ones
Protecting Working Children
Had them working unskilled jobs
This children were in poverty
Had stunted growth
Child Labor Committee 1904 investigators would go look at the working conditions
Liked kids to work
Cheaper pay
Small hands for parts and mechanics
Efforts to Limit Working Hours
In Oregon would worked 8 hours men worked 10
Tried to uphold 10 hour work days
Bunting Vs. Oregon
Compensation given to those would are Hurt or Killed
Called Workmen's Compensation
Reforming Elections
Initiative a bill originated by the people on the ballot
Makes them vote on a bill (by signatures)
Secret ballot or Australian ballot
So people can't know who you vote for
Referendum gave citizens the power to create laws
Give people more power (stripping it away from just the rich white man)
Direct Primary
Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers
Referendum- when voters accept or reject the initiative (bill)
Recall- enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions
17th an 19th Amendments
What did these seven aim at doing????
Direct Election of Senators
Seventeenth Amendment
1913
Each legislator elected two senators
Voters elected senators
Gave everyone the power to vote for senators
Direct election
The people directly elect the Senators
Who are our senators
Charles (Chuck) Grassley-Republican
Joni Ernst- Republican
Representative
Steve King
Susette La Flesche
In 1879 A young Omaha woman traveled east to translate into English the sad words of Chief Standing Bear
1887-Testified, won citizenship rights
Farm Women
Devote their time to care for their homes and families
19th century middle class and upper cass women could afford to stay home
Cooking, making clothes, and laundry
Out West- Raising livestock, help plow and plant in the fields and harvest the crops
Women in the Industry
Better paying opportunities became available
1 out of 5 American women held jobs
25% manufacturing
Garment Trade
Women High School graduates outnumber men
Domestic Workers
Cleaning for other families
2 million African American Women were freed from slavery
Poverty quickly drove nearly half of the women into the workforce
Worked on farms
Cooks, laundresses, scrub-women, and maids
70% employed in 1870 were servants
Women lead Reform
Many women publicly active in the later years of the 19th century attended college
Vassar College was a women's college established in 1865, followed by Smith and Wellsley colleges in 1875
By the later 1800's, women didn't have to depend as much on having a husband, because marriage was not their only alternative now that they had the opportunity to have their own education, thus the started
Women and Reform
Laborers start to reform workplace health and safety
Many educated woman joined the reform groups, because they couldn't vote or run for office they aimed their reform at improving home and work lives for women
"Social Housekeeping" targets workplace/housing reform, educational improvement, food and drug laws, etc..
NACW(National Association of Colored Women)- was founded in 1896, the mission of the association was the moral education of black women, These women managed nurseries, kindergartens, etc.
NAWSA (National American Women's Suffrage) A group founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869 united with another to become the NAWSA
3 Part Strategy For Suffrage
First
Tired convincing state legislature to grant women the right to vote
Second
Women pursued court cases to test the 14th Amendment... aren't women citizens too?
Third
Women pushed for a national Constitutional Amendment to grant women the voting right
The Push For Equality
1848- Seneca Falls Declaration: Plea for the end of discrimination against women in all spheres of society, including the right to vote
Women in the mid-late 1800's and early 1900's push for found things
Abolition of slavery (13th Amendment-1865)
Temperance (18th Amendment- 1920)
Women;s Suffrage(19th Amendment-1920)
Child Labor Laws
Jeannette Rankin
Worked to win suffrage in Washington State
Was elected the first Women in Congress in 1916
Voted against war in WWl and WWll(only vote)
William Howard Taft
Good
Trusts- Trustbusters
Our Nation as a whole
Stayed stable never moved forward
Was all for progressivism
Bad
Made poor decisions
Consolidated not expanded
Angered conservationists
16th Amendment
The congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration
Established income tax
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Payne= lower rates (House)
Aldrich= increased rates (Senate)
Tariffs
Tax and imports
Why have high tariffs?
So that the Americans can make more money since foreign competition out
Policy for African Americans
If they were able to vote, they would vote Republican]
Because they ended slavery and helped them a lot
It was a way of thanking them
Taft
Didn't do much to get the African Americans to vote for him they just did since he was Republican
Didn't have to
Progressives didn't do much to help African Americans
Land Disputes
Richard Ballinger (Secretary of Interior)
Put one million acres of land to the government
Conservationists weren't very happy
Break up of Republican Party
Progressives vs. Conservatives
Joseph Cannon (Uncle Joe)
Very conservative (Speaker of the House)
Tried to weaken or ignore the progressive bills
Progressives told the house to re-elect a committee
They hated him
Hand to break up
Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)
Formed from Roosevelt running for president
Tries to sway the the Taft delegates
Tries to get Republican party
Didn't get the Republican party so he runs for the Bull Moose Party
Taft broke up more trusts than Roosevelt
1912 Election
Woodrow Wilson won
New Freedom
Demanded stronger antitrust laws
Taft vs. Roosevelt vs. Wilson vs. Debs
Different options
Wilson offered new freedom
Roosevelt offered Progressivism
Taft offered Conservationism
Republican Party Split
Due to these problems with Taft, the Republicans split into old-guard republicans and progressive republicans
TR did not get the Republican nomination so he decided to run as a third party condidate in the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
Why would this split guarantee a democrat win?
The republicans votes for Taft is they were conservatives and RS is the were Progressives and 100% of democrats would vote for Woodrow
Progressives fought against
Low tariffs
Fight back against railroad rates
Trustbusters give small businesses a chance
Workmens compensation
16th 17th 18th 19th amendments
Child Labor Laws
Bull Moose Platform
Direct Election of Senators
Initiative, Referendum, Recall in all states
Woman Suffrage
Worker's Compensation
8 hour workday
Minimum wage for women
Federal laws against Child labor
New Freedom
Was full of progressive measures
Wilson's Background
Grew up in the SOuth after the Civil War and REconstruction
Son, Grandson and Nephew of Presbyterian Ministers-strict upbringing
Before entering politics Wilson worked as
Lawyer
History Professor
President of Princeton University
Governor of N.J.
Wilson's Accomplishments
Passed Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
Could break up monopolies
Labor Unions were given the right to exist
Strikes, boycotts, picketing etc. became legal
Federal Trade Commision was established in 1914
Investigated companies for monopolistic practices
Federal Reserve System
America needed stronger banks
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Divided the nation into 12 districts-> regional central bank in each district
"Banker Bank"
Federal Reserve banks could issue new paper money in emergency situations
Also, helped with making out loan $$
Banks within the system helped other s from closing due to
Controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country
One of President WIlson's most enduring achievements
We use this same system today as the basis of the nation's banking system
Can raise and lower interest rates
17th 18th 19th Amendments were passed during his term
Direct election of senators 1913
Prohibition 1919
Women's Vote 1920
Let us during Mexican Crisis and WWI
Developed Missionary Diplomacy
African Americans were for the most part ignored by TR, Taft, Wilson and the Progressive Movement
Wilson reinstate segregation
Describe US Foreign Policy in the late 1800's and early 1900's and be able to give examples.(15 points)-Ch. 10
Definition: US Foreigh Policy is a plan of action made for the United Statesused to handle diplomatic dealings with other nations.
New and old diplomacy
open door policy-china
dollar diplomacy-taft
Big stick Diplomacy
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine- TR
War (Spanish American War/WWI)
Old Diplomacy
1780's-1900/WWII
Non interventionist
Isolationist
Passive and reactive
Weak army and navy
We had our own issues to deal with (building our government, moving west, civil war, canals, schools, railroads)
New Diplomacy
Imperialistic
going out and conquering territory to create an empire
Alfred Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, Teddy Roosevelt
Stronger army and navy
Interventionist (especially in Central and South America)
becoming more involved in other countries' affairs
Monroe Doctrine
Strong Nationalism
having strong pride and confidence in one's country
Big Stick Diplomacy
"Speak softly and carry a big stick" or "Big Stick" Diplomacy
What does this mean?
We are very strong and are the International police officer, come to us we will deal with the problems
Dollar Diplomacy-President Taft
Definition- President Taft's policy of encouraging Americans to invest in Latin America
Using the US government to guarantee loans to foreign countries by US banks and businesses
Economic imperialism
US banks were in control of many businesses in Latin America
US said it was needed to keep European powers out of Latin America
"Substituting dollars for bullets"
Roosevelt Corollary
It was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine
Warning to Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
Said that the US would be the police officer between Latin America and Europe
The US would use force to protect interests in Latin America
Use the WWI Key Questions found (40 points)-Ch. 11
•Be able to identify characteristics of Europe in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
Very nationalistic
Willing to go to war to protect interest and national honor
Industrialization was occurring
Population was increasing
People were moving from rural areas to the city-urbanization
People were moving into cities
Allowed militarism (people joined the military)
Many people were in poverty
Due to poverty, many people turned to labor unions and socialism
Countries competed with one another for markets, raw materials and colonies
Countries also traded a lot with each other
Imperialism became common
created "spheres of influence" in Africa and Asia
Alliance developed
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
(Italy ends up joining the Triple Entente)
Triple Entente
Great Britain, France and Russia
Armies and navies were built up (militarism)
•Be able to identify the main causes of WWI and how they led to war
M.I.N.E.S(A).
Militarism
Building up of a military
Imperialism
Colonizing in Africa
More land more resources more money
Land disputes
Nationalism
Thought they were the best in the world
Deep rooted belief they were the best
One up one another
Big ego
Economic Competition
Great Britain, France and Germany (among others) were competing worldwide for colonies, natural resources, and markets
Alliances
Countries that you form bonds with to protect you in the time of war
When countries start to form alliances, they all have to pair up for protection
Formed because there was no trust between countries
Austria-Hungary
It was a multi-national, dual monarchy
It had eleven major ethnic groups
Austrians and Hungarians were the two largest
Both made up less than 50% of the population
Many different languages, religions and customs
The government hated nationalism. Why?
Because then it would split (many different customs so each would want their own)
The government despised Serbians and Serbia
"The Serbian Menace"
Serbia wanted to make the Serbians living in Austria-Hungary, part of a "Greater Serbia"
The Black Hand was created in Serbia
Secret organization whose goal it was to unite all Serbs by any means necessary
Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia in Sarajevo, igniting the Powderkeg, starting WWI
Chain of Events
1 Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
2. Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia
3. Serbia refuses to accept ultimatum
4. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Only after Germany gives them a promise of support
5. Russia mobilizes to support Serbia
6. Germany declares war on Russia
Hoped to knock Russia out of war quickly to avoid two-fronted war?
Why would Germany want to avoid a two-fronted war
Russia on one side and France on the other. The army would be stretched thin half on one half on the other
7. France enters war to help Russia
Great Britain enters war to help France after Germany attacks France through neutral Belgium
•Be able to identify the countries of Europe during WWI and what alliance they belonged to
Allied Powers- Good guys
United States, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France, Belgium,
Central Powers- enemy
Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria
•Be able to explain what and where the Powderkeg of Europe is and why it was called that
The powder keg exploded causing the First World War, which began with a conflict between imperial Austria-Hungary and Pan-Slavic Serbia.
Powderkeg-Balkan Peninsula
If anything happened it would cause it to explode
Area of intense ethnic problems
•Be able to identify the event that started WWI:
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria-Hungary. His death at the hands of Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist with ties to the secretive military group known as the Black Hand, propelled the major European military powers towards war.
•Be able to identify the goals of the war for countries involved
There weren't any real goals at first, but as time went on and casualties ad costs increased, winning territory was a must
France
Regain Alsace and Lorraine from Germany
Get the Saar Basin from Germany (rich in coal)
Create and independent Rhineland to create a buffer area between France and Germany
Cripple Germany's military
Get German colonies in Africa
Get Turkish colonies in the Mid-East
Great Britain
Get German colonies in Africa
Get Turkish colonies in the Mid-East
Italy
Wanted land from Austria-Hungary
Russia
wanted control of the Dardenelle and Bosporus Straits in Turkey
Austria-Hungary
Self preservation
Germany
Wanted part of France
Wanted Luxembourg and Belgium
Wanted most of western Russia
Make Austria-Hungary and the Balkans a "Sphere of influence"
Take over French and British colonies in Africa
United States
win and end the war
Wilson's 14 points
•Be able to describe what fighting was like in WWI
Three Types of Trenches
Front Line
Support
Reserve
"No Man's Land"
Don't want to be in this area
Barbed wire
Slows down offensive attackers
Trench Weapons
Bayonets
Flamethrowers
Pineapple grenade
Pistols
German Luger
US Colt
Machine Guns
US Browning M1917
Gas Warfare- Terror weapon
Lachrymator (tear gas)
Blinds you
Asphyxiant (Chlorine gas)
Causes internal bleeding
Poisonous
Blistering agent (mustard gas)
attacks exposed skin
Blisters skin and internal bleeding
Tanks
British "Little Willie" Tank
French Renault Light Tank
Artillery (Took out lots of cities)
German Krupp RR Gun
German "Big Bertha"
Us "Calamity Jane Howitzer"
Submarines/U-boats
German U-Boats
US Subs
Zeppelins
Blimps
Used from spying and bombing
Battleships
USS Texas
USS South Carolina
Floating mines took out ships
Depth charges
Bombed submarines by forcing bombs to explode underwater
Airplanes (used for lots of dog fighting and spying)
SPAD XII
Sopwith Pup
Famous Dude
Baron Manfred von Richtofen from Germany
"The Red Baron"
Animals at War
Used dogs to test gas masks
Mass murder was also involved
•Be able to identify the US policy that Wilson declared when WWI broke out in 1914
Sussex Pledge
President Wilson to Germany: "End the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing of diplomatic relations"
Germany responded on May 4, 1916 with the "Sussex Pledge." Germany submarine policy:
end the sinking of passenger ships
search merchant ships for contraband and make provisions for passengers and crews before sinking merchant ships
The German guarantees were generally honored until the announcement of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917
The Zimmerman Note
In summary, Germany tried to get Mexico to declare war on the United States
Germany promised Mexico that the would get the Mexican Cession back if the won
Germany wanted to keep the US out of Europe
Beliefs of War Hanks
Teddy Roosevelt
Trade with England increased,
Trade with Germany decreased as years went on
$3 billion in 1916 with England
British and American Propaganda
Preparedness Program (1915)
U.S. started arming and preparing for war
American Business
Munitions business pushed U.S. into war to make money
•Be able to identify why the US was drawn into war and why we drew closer to the Allied Powers
Great Britain and Germany were both stopping U.S. ships
Eventually, U.S- drew closer to war and the Allies
WHY?
German sinking of British ships and killing of U.S. citizens
Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare
•Be able to analyze WWI propaganda, identify it goals and evaluate the effectiveness of it
Propaganda
What is propaganda?
Information/newspapers that persuades people to help with the war efforts
What were the goals of propaganda?
To get people to help the war efforts
To enlist
Conserve food
Buy war bond
To make U.S. hate Germany
•Be able to identify the importance of key people: Woodrow Wilson, Charles Evans Hughes, John Pershing, Ferdinand Foch, Bernard Baruch, Herbert Hoover, George Creel
John Pershing
General for United States Soldiers in WWl
American “Doughboys”
American Soldiers in WWl
Bernard Baruch
War Industries Board
Regulated industry in Us
Make war goods, tanks, guns, ammunition
Herbert Hoover
Urged people to conserve food
Had “meatless” and “wheatless” days
“Victory gardens” were planted by schools and homes
Prevented hoarding of food by people
“Food is Ammunition-Don’t waste it”
George Creel
Committee on Public Information
Goal was influence U.S. public opinion to support WWl in their own way
Had a huge propaganda campaign to do so
Committee used newsprint, posters, radio, telegraph and movies to broadcast its messages
William Howard Taft
National Labor Board
Settled disputes between workers and employers
Discouraged strikes
“Work or fight”
•Be able to identify the costs of the war: US and grand total
11 million deaths
U.S.- 110,000 deaths
•Be able to identify the actions we took at home to mobilize our country for war
The Homefront
Refers to what people did back in the US to help win the war
Every country has their own Homefront
War Industries Board
Headed by Bernard Baruch
Regulated industry in U.S.
Encouraged mass production
Under the War Industries Board, industrial production in the U.S. increased 20 percent
Food Administration
Headed by Herbert Hoover
Urged people to conserve food
Had "meatless days" and "wheatless days"
"Victory gardens" were planted by schools and homes
Prevented hoarding of food by people
"Food is Ammunition-Don't waste it"
Committee on Public Information
George Creel
Goal was to influence U.S. public opinion to support World War I in their own war
Had a huge propaganda campaign to do so
The committee used newsprint, posters, radio, telegraph and movies to broadcast its message
Americanized German words:
German Measles-liberty measles
Hamburger liberty steak
Sauerkraut=liberty cabbage
National War Labor Board
Settled disputes between workers and employers
Discouraged strikes
"Work or fight"
Headed by William H. Taft'
•Be able to define what the Paris Peace Conference was
The Paris Peace Conference
The meeting of the Allied victors following the end of the WWI to set the peace terms for Germany and other defeated nations
It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 29 countries
They came up with series of treaties ("Peace of Paris") that reshaped the map of Europe and imposed penalties on Germany
•Be able to describe Wilson’s 14 Points
Wilson’s 14 points were basically his rules for peace on earth and no wars, but he did not succeed with all his points.
Fourteen Points
An end to secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Free trade for all countries
Disarmament
End to colonial claims
Self-determination for all countries-Russia
Restoration of Belgium
Restoration of France
Readjustment of Italy's boundaries
Austria-Hungary would be given opportunity for autonomous development
Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated and restored
Turkey should be sovereign (independent)
Poland would be given their independence
The "League of Nations" would be developed
•Be able to describe the Treaty of Versailles in detail and the impact it had on Germany and Europe
Treaty of Versailles
Territorial Losses
The following land was taken away from Germany:
Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of The League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum
The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies
Military Losses
Germany's army was reduce to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
Germany was not allowed an airforce
Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
The Rhineland area was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ.) No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial Losses
The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss.
Germany had to pay $33 billion in war reparations
Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one country
General
Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231- the infamous "War Guilt Clause"
Germany had to accept the war guilt clause and take blame for WWI
A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
A worldwide peacekeeping organization
•Be able to describe why the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles
The main reason why the US Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles was the League of Nations. There were serious concerns that the League pull the U.S. into further wars.
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