- Students will understand the impact the Industrial Revolution had on the United States.
*The Industrial Revolution was a Period in time where we started to move away from agriculture and move towards factorizing. There captains of Industry were wealthy people like John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnage. They would be willing to put millions into making these businesses and justified there whole process by social Darwinism. Oil was a big source of energy in the mid 1800’s, it fueled our country. The advent of steel- Bestimore process made it much more cheap and efficient (lot stronger than iron). Government supported business-laizze fair. Immigration and farmers moved in and made it easy to pay next to nothing. Many inventions in the late 1800’s including Thomas Edison improvement in the light bulb, the typewriter-Christopher Challis- Alexander Gram Bell- telephone- made the world a smaller place. Railroads were a huge part in transporting goods (also people) to and from factories and the finish product to market place. Made it cheaper because of how quick and cities started to spring up different places, allowed people to move farther west. Grangers helped pass Mon vs. Illinois which were laws that allowed a certain state maximum railroad rates for railroad- fair to everyone- Also Instate Commerce Act- allowed the government to regulate the railroads by setting up a commission. Labor Unions started to form (power in #’s) were trying to get better working conditions. Although they weren’t successful because they didn’t have much power, many people against such as people (thought were crazy), police and press. Ex: Hay market affair. Monopolies-one big company trying to buy out other companies. Horizontal-when oil company would buy out other oil companies. Vertical-Oil Company would try to buy out all parts of it such as RR Company and shipping lines. Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed in 1890 because of all the monopolies being formed- made it illegal to form monopolies that interfered with trade.
2. Students will understand the impact immigration and urbanization had on the United States.(Ch. 7)
*Many immigrants came to the U.S. because of many opportunities such as gold and silver, farming, cattle ranching, sheep herding, better education, find families. There are always things in countries that are pushing you away such as natural disaster and religious or political execution. The pull factor is the things that are urging you to go to the new country for better opportunities. Immigrants came from all over the world. The “old” immigrants came from North Western Europe. The New immigrants came from specifically not from North Western Europe which had a different complexions, different languages, and darker skin. Germany-26%, Ireland-16%, Scandanavia-11%, England-8%, Italy-5%, Russia-4%, Poland-3.5%, Mexico/China/ Japan-1.5%, Other- 25%. Some problems that they faced were the ride over here was a huge challenge because it was costly and disgusting. Most people that were poor had to be on the bottom of the ship which was overcrowded, had a horrible stench, no indoor plumbing, disease, and overheating. Many people didn’t make it through the struggle and if you did then you had to get past Ellis Island. Many wanted to put restrictions on them because they were taking our jobs, not letting labor unions succeed. Chinese Exclusion Act- banned all Chinese because of racism. Jones Agreement was between U.S. and Japan agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers- in return we would stop segregating kids from certain schools.
*Many people also faced horrible living conditions because cities were so overpopulated and gross. Many people lived and in tenements that they shared with other people. They tried to make it better by putting windows in but the stench from outside was so overwhelming that they had to close them. There was a massive amount of sewage and garbage that was on the street. The water was filthy and the wood buildings would catch on fire very easily. The crime rate was also very high. Political machines were buildings that held certain political parties that controlled the work that they do. Did good things but had strings attached. Built parks, roads, helped cities look cleaner, helped immigrants. When they would help people they would ask for their vote in return – blackmailing into voting. Boston Tweed was the boss in the Democratic political machine and he had many people that he bought off such as jers, judges, policemen, and politicians. At the time it seemed like he was doing a lot of good things but he was really overcharging tax payers and then paying all his cronies so they wouldn’t say anything. Many people involved with this so it was hard to find anyone guilty. Penalton Civil Service Act was passed by Chester Arthur in 1833 that numerous government jobs had to prove their merit of worth by taking a test to see if you were capable of doing your job- got rid of spoils system. You would start to see presidents reform and fight back against the rich white male and help the common person out more.
Students will understand the impact of the Progressive Era on the United States.(Ch.9
*Roosevelt: Used his personality popularity and power of persuasion to get what he wanted. He believed that the federal government was there to help the common person. He wanted to give everyone a Square Deal- fair chance. Used the bully Pulpit to influence media and pass laws. He was called the trustbuster- separated good trusts vs. bad trusts. Helped settle the 1902 coal strike in which miners got better pay and a nine hour work day, passed the Elkins Act in 1903- no rebates and Hepburn Act in 1906- i.c.c. set max RR rates which caused RR to be fair to everyone in their prices. He passed the Meat Inspection Act, the Pure Food Act, and Newlands Act –sold western land and made dams which allowed for irrigation. Also set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves, and has a national park names after him.
*Taft: Never really felt like president, was handpicked by Roosevelt. He was the main trust busting president because he broke over 90 trusts. He made the 16th amendment- graduated income tax. He promised lower tariffs, the Payne Act lowered them, the Aldrich Act raised them, and the Payne Aldrich Act gave a common median. He started selling the land that Roosevelt had conserved and also supported Uncle Joe Cannon which is very unprogressive.
*Wilson: He passed the Clayton Anti-trust Act- broke up monopolies. Labor Unions were legalized which along came strikes boycotts and picketing. The Federal Trade Commission was also made during his term which investigated companies for monopolistic practices. Also passed the Underwood Tariff- drastically cut tariff rates. The Federal Reserve System was set up because America needed stronger banks. It divided the nation into 12 districts, regional and central bank in every district. Also called the Bankers bank, could issue paper money in emergency situations and also helped with giving out loans. The 17th, 18th, 19th amendments were also passed. 17th- direct election of U.S. senators, 18th- prohibition, 19th- women’s right to vote
*Election of 1912- Theodore Roosevelt ran and split the Republican Party into the Progressive Party or the Bull Moose Party. Since Roosevelt was running Taft also ran. Wilson ran for the Democrat Party, and Eugene V. Debs ran for the Socialist Party. Since Republicans were split up between Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson won since he had all the Democrats.
*The Progressive Era was an early 20th century reform movement that tried to turn the control of the government back to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in America. The four goals of Progressivism was Protect Social Welfare, Promote moral improvement, create economic reform, and foster efficiency.
*Worker Safety Conditions: Worker's Compensation started, labor unions were legalized, children labor was banned for kids under the age of 14, and work hours went from 15 to 8 hours. Muller v. Oregon - women needed states protection against powerful employees. Bunting v. Oregon gave men a ten hour work day
*Reforming Elections: tried to make local and state government better through election reform
-direct primary voters choose candidates- the 17th amendment was ratified in 1913- direct election of senators
-officials were elected for expertise
-17th Amendment - allows voters to elect senators ~Referendum – allowed people to vote if it should be legal or not
~Recall - people would have special election to get someone out of office
~Secret ballot- let people vote in privacy ~Initiative - allowed voters of a state to start a bill and then make laws
*Segregation:
Wilson did not help the African Americans out. Woodrow Wilson tried but would not get people support or vote for him if he did. Wilson segregated Washington DC
*Conservation: U.S Forest bureau withdrew 45 million acres of land for a national forest reserve in 1887. Roosevelt set aside a lot of land during his presidency.
*Monopolies: The Clayton Antitrust Act prohibited coroporations from acquiring stock form another country, which would create a monopoly. Monopolies were made illegal in 1890 by the Sherman Antitrust Act.
*Taxation and Banking- Underwood tariff- Woodrow Wilson- gave more competition and reduced tariff rates- passed 16 amendment- set up graduated income tax. Created federal income tax- made the people mad because they had to pay extra money for things - made money before on tariffs- which were taxes on imported goods.
*Banking- Federal Reserve System - People were taking all their money out of banks, and they had to close them down - people who didn’t get their money out would be broke--70% of the nation’s banking came from the Federal Reserve’s. Broke our country into 12 parts each had federal reserve- prevent things when bank was struggling you could borrow it from the Federal Reserve, it is still around today
*Aid Organizations- helped the poor by setting up settlement houses. The most influential person of this was Jane Adams. The social gospel movement helped them by providing them with social services and community centers. Women were strong supporters of this.
*Muckrakers: were investigative journalists that focused on a wide range of issues- such as child labor, patent medicines, and wages, working conditions. Hundreds of people wrote truthful reports on critical issues. Lincoln Steffens published “The Shame of the Cities”- link between the big business and crooked politicians- his writings inspired the reforms in many cities. Ida M. Tarbell- “The History of the Standard Oil Company”- exposed the corruption in John D. Rockefeller’s company which led to significant oversight of the big business.
*Efficiency in the Workplace: Progressive leaders thought of using scientific management. Louis D. Brandeis- focused primarily on data from high cost of long working hours for both the individual and society. Frederick Winslow Taylor- began using time and motion studies to make things go smoother by braking up manufacturing into simpler parts- became known as “Taylorism”. Henry Ford- invented the assembly line to speed things up- but it had some problems. Reducing the workday to eight hours and paying workers five dollars a day helped people
*Reforming Government- Natural disasters aided in causing the government to reform--ex: Galveston was rebuilt by the commission after a hurricane. Reform Mayors- Introduced progressive reform without changing local government organization. Detroit mayor Hazen Pingree, created a more fair tax structure, lowered fare for public transportation, ousted corruption and created a work relief project. Reform Governors, led by “Fighting Bob”- Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin wanted to regulate big business. Progressives won workers compensation to aid families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job
*Prohibition: outlawed the sale and manufacturing of alcohol.
*Regulating Food and Drugs
The Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, and Upton Sinclair's The Jungle all helped in reform.
4. Students will understand the impact imperialism had on the United States and world.(Ch. 10)
*Causes for imperialism in the late 1800’s: A policy in which stronger nations try to take over another country either economically or militarily. When we take over economically we are buying out a lot of their businesses and banks so therefore we control their money. Militarily is when we physically go over to another country and take them over. We colonized because many European colonies were doing this so we thought we should. Manifest Destiny is that we had the god given right to move westward. Natural Resources, naval bases, Power and Prestige, and we thought we had a duty to help people that were inferior to us.
* Taking Alaska: William Sewer offered Russians 7.2 million for Alaska. Many people questioned why we would want a chunk of ice. We ended up buying Sewer’s ice box and was one of the greatest investments due to black gold, gold rushes, fishing, and tourism.
*Taking Hawaii: We wanted to take over Hawaii because of their sugarcane plantations. We overtook the queen, and they really didn’t try to fight back, but they eventually got statehood.
*Causes of the Spanish- American War: One of the big causes of the war was Yellow Journalism. They make it seem worse than it actually was. The main reason we went to war with them was because they sunk the battleship Main which was sent down to Cuba. The yellow press provoked it- provided the information about sinking the boat and stretched the truth. We felt sorry for the Cubans because they were just like us when we wanted independence back in the day. Led by Fidel Castrol, the Spanish were destroying American property- place to grow sugarcane plantations. The Cubans made it look like Spain was destroying the plantations but really it wasn't them. It was really Jose Marti trying to get the U.S to hate the Spain more so they would give them independence. Spain sent General Valeriano Wyler to set up concentration camps. Many people died because of malnutrition and his nickname became the butcher. The press made it looked like we should go to war with them. Another cause of the war was the Delomay letter. He wrote a letter that was intercepted and put in the yellow press. He insulted McKinely saying that he was weak and betterment for the admiration of the crowd. Remember the Maine, the heck with Spain- War goals of U.S. secure the independence for Cuba. We ended up winning the Treaty of Paris officially ended the war. The Teller Amendment said U.S. would not take over Cuba when war was over.
*Puerto Rico: We controlled them militarily then, the Foraker Act ended military and allowed some self rules. After a while we set up a government for them.
*Cuba: The Americans brought them up, organized schools, helped farmers, gave them food and clothing, helped people with yellow fever. Cuba thought they were stable enough to make their own constitution, but America wanted to stay. They made the Platt Amendment- Cuba could not make treaties with other countries that would not give them their independence, Cuba could not go into debt-, and U.S could lease land for naval base or fueling stations- Guantanamo Bay
*Phillipeans: U.S. and the Phillipeans went to war, we gave them independence. We helped build up their schools, roads, hospitals, and infrastructure.
*China: We set up the open door policy so that we could trade with China. Boxer Rebellion- many foreigners came to cities and took over which made Chinese angry. People who did martial arts- rebelled against foreign dominance and then we stepped in and said remember the open door policy which helped them keep their independence
*Anti Imperialistic league: Not everyone was for imperialism, thought that it might cause wars. It went against our basic functions of a government which kind of made us hypocrites. Thought it would only cost money, and that we should focus building up the United States
*Panama Canal: We built it so it took less time to go through the oceans transport goods and trade. The French started it but couldn’t finish because so many had died. One major problem was that some of our larger ships can’t fit through it.
*Problems with Mexico: We really were not on good terms, and we didn’t like their ruler so we went down to get him and it almost caused a war. We did not want to be in two wars at the same time so we got out
*Old Diplomacy: Beginning of our history until the late 1800s. We were noninterventionist; we kept to ourselves and especially didn’t get involved with Europe. We were isolationist when we did get involved we were by ourselves. We were Passive and reactive, we let things happen and then did what was in our best interest. We also had a weak army and navy
*New Diplomacy: We became imperialistic- went out and conquered other territories, we built up our military, we became interventionist. We also had strong Nationalism, which was pride for our country.
*Big Stick Diplomacy: Roosevelt said speak softly carry the big stick. The stick represented our military. We didn’t have to brag about our power but countries knew we were powerful so they did respect us.
*Dollar Diplomacy: During Taft’s term, we would invest money in countries and take over their businesses and banks. We then had control over them, and it would help them get out of debt.
5. Students will understand the political, social and economic changes that occurred in the 1920’s in the United States.(Ch. 12-13)
-Roaring 20's-entertainment
*~many people started to buy things on credit, which put a lot of people in debt. Lots of new technology came out such as the automobiles, electricity, radio, movies with sound which all allowed many knew opportunities.
Harry Houdini- unbelievable escapes ~American Baseball- Babe Ruth was a pitcher for the Yankee’s ~Miss America contest began in Atlantic City in 1921 ~Many Dances were popular like the Charleston , Black Bottom , Shimmy, Foxtrot, Swing, had dance Marathons ~Mickey Mouse- Walt Disney’s Steamboat Willie, first animated movie with sound in 1928 ~Charlie Chaplin was a popular film director ~Broadway became very popular ~Radio networks Like NBC and CBS were popular ~Billboard Magazines in 1928 ~Grand Ole Opry- ~Jazz music was huge ~First Oscars awards in 1927 ~Movies with sound- The Jazz Singer in 1927 ~Popular authors- Willa Cather- wrote My Antonia, Earnest Hemingway, F Scott Fitzgerald- wrote Great Gatsby
-Red Scare: Period in time from 1919 to 1920 after World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. It was a fear of becoming communist, socialist, and anarchist. Innocent people were jailed for expressing their own views. They were afraid that communist people would come over and take over our country so they passed immigration laws. The communist theory was introduced by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. It was theory that the poor would rise up and everything would be equal, and there would be no classes. In theory it sounds good, but it would never happen because someone always rises up and takes the lead. The Soviet Union flag was red so that is why it was called the red scare. Palmer raids were when they went after communist and radicals and they would kick them out of our country. Sacco and Vanzetti were immigrants that were Italians and were anarchist. They shot and killed the guy who paid them. The only evidence was the gun they had that was Saccos. They were convicted and killed. Because of the fear of radicals they were killed.
-Republican Domination
*Wilson, Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover were the four presidents of the decade. Warren G. Harding was presidency was rocked by scandal; he died before it was released to the public. His big method was Laissez Fair- government keep out of businesses. Many people just wanted to go back to normal times. Calvin Coolidge- Do nothing philosophy, “The business of American is business”- best if we keep out of it. Herbert Hoover- big thing was the trickledown theory. During his presidency the stock market crashed and will probably go down in history as the worst president. Many people look back at this time and blame these presidents for not doing anything.
-War Prevention
-4Power treaty- U.S, G.B., France, and Japan- Each country would respect each other possessions in the Pacific
-5 Power pact- Same countries plus Italy- Freeze navies at 1921 levels- loop holes- only certain ships could not do this so they built up other parts of their military
9Power Treaty Above plus Netherlands Portugal Belgium, and china, - Keep open door policy- Promise Chinese independence\ all of these came out of the national world war
Kellogg Briand Pact- Afghanistan Finland Peru Albania Guatemala Austria Hungary Romania Bulgaria Iceland Russia China Larvia kingdom of the Serbs Cuba Liberia Croats
All these countries tried to never go to war again- 63 countries outlawed war to try to settle dispute
-Automobile/Airplane
Henry Ford was not the first person to invent the automobile, he improved it. His Model T car became very popular because it was very affordable and cheap. The airplane was mainly used for transporting mail and small groups of people. They were also used as air shows. Charles Lindbergh was the first person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean. Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly trans-Atlantic although she was never heard from again.
-Prohibition
*Even though the selling and manufacturing of alcohol was illegal it didn’t stop people from drinking. Speakeasies were night clubs or hidden saloons where you could drink alcohol illegally. They were called this because you usually had to talk quietly to avoid getting caught. You also had to use passwords or cards to get in so the whole club didn’t get busted.
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