7. Students will understand the causes and effects of the Great Depression.
Causes
-stock market crash: people broke and/or not spending money, vicious cycle- people not spending money, companies not making money, prices went up. People didn't trust banks, speculation, stock prices still skyrocketing
-era of new things had just passed, people already had cars, radios, stoves, etc. so they didn't need to buy new things
-farmers suffering from overproduction, were paid to produce less
Effects
-unemployment rate very high, many people had no jobs
-husbands left their homes in search of jobs
-soup kitchens
-banks failed because no one trusted them
-farmers destroyed crops
-society went into depression
1. Students will understand the impact the Great Depression and New Deal had on the US.
-Relief, Recovery, Reform. 1st (1933-35) focused on groups, banking and railroads, gave them money to restore economic prosperity. 2nd (1936-38) included Wagner Act; promoted labor unions, WPA(works progress administration); largest agency, employed 1000's of people to do public services. Social Security Act; provided federal assistance to the elderly, unemployed, widowed, disabled, etc.
Why did people criticize the New Deal?
-Republicans. spending way too much money. bringing communism into our country. wanted laissez faire. some acts unconstitutional.
Why was FDR upset with the US Supreme Court and what did he do to try to solve this issue?
-court wouldn't pass his programs, 2/3 of justices were over 70, FDR proposed law that allowed him to appoint 6 new justices. "Court Packing Issue". Constitution states that you cannot remove justices for disagreements. Court packing opposed by many b/c they saw it as an upset of powers giving the president control over the court. FDR's proposals denied. Coincidentally, deaths and retirements allowed FDR to appoing 8 new justices in only 4 years.
How did the New Deal help:
unemployed
-Civilian Conservation Corps. Federal Emergency Relief Administration;loans given to states to operate relief pumps. Created factories with this money, supplied jobs. Relieved unemployment. Unemployment still existed, public welfare not good, FERA terminated and replaced by WPA and SSA.
-PWA, public works administration; raised employment rate, spent 6 billion. Constructed bridges, dams, hospitals, schools, houses etc.
-Civil Works Administration; created temporary jobs, manual labor, construction. To expensive to maintain, shut down. Lasted 6 months, employed 3% of population.
-WPA, Works Projects Administration; made in hopes that it would provide jobs for unemployed. supplied 3 million with jobs such as building libraries, schools, roads, construction projects. funded buildings. Helped people interested in the Arts; writers, actors, painters, musicians.
farmers
-soil conservation and domestic allotment act- paid farmers to produce less goods; prevents erosion (dust bowl), share payments, planted soil-building crops. AAA named unconstitutional, government taxed food processors and ended up taxing everyone equally. Farm Security Administration.
-TVA ; created jobs, reforest, improve navigability of rivers, improve farmland. Built dams; used hydroelectric power for electricity, rural people rarely got the luxury of this electricity. Construction projects. Still around today.
factory workers/labor
-FLSA, fair labor standard act- minimum wage, time and a half, stopped oppressive child labor. Still around today.
-NLRB; encouraged healthy relationship between private-sector workers and their employees. Stop stikes, and labor problems. Still around today. Arbitrator in businesses.
young people
-CCC, males only.
-NYA, national youth administration; helped unemployed youths, exchanged grants with highschool students and college students, unemployed put in federally funded work projects designed to give them marketable skills for the future. Basically job training. Males and females. Local people.
banks/business
-Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; gave more power to federal government to inspect goods. FDA- inspects food. Banking Act; made Federal Reserve Board of governors stronger. Tightened restrictions on banks. Strenghtened banks, made FDIC permanent.
-EBRA/ emergency banking relief act; law stated that any bank that doesn't have enough funds to support their clients' needs were to be shut down but the banks who were stable enough to support clients could stay open. only federal inspectors can declare if a bank is able to stay open or close. temporary solution to banks' loss of money. Bank holiday, closed all banks temporarily, FDR reassured people that when they re-opened, it would be safe to put your money in once again.
home owners
-HOLC sold bonds and lengthened loans so people could keep their homes. Prevent foreclosure. Ended when bankroll stopped rolling.
-USHA united states housing authority; lend money to states and communities for construction, for poor and non-wealthy citizens, was thought to bring social order and peace. Built shelters and homes, affordable for everyday people. Helped poor or middle class people get loans to pay for homes.
-Federal Housing Administration. Still around, department of housing and urban development. Part of National Housing Act, improve standards of housing to make the mortgage market more stable. Banks failed, loans decreased, no money to pay for house, houses foreclosed, banks had houses. FHA provided insurance in case banks closed so people wouldn't be stuck with no form of money. Gave loans to poor people.
elderly
-Social Security Administration; provide steady income for workers 65 and up. Depression caused a need for old-age pensions. Funded on payroll taxes. Amended many times, disability insurance, early retirement.
stock market
-SEC; Securities and Exchange Commission
-FSA, federal securities act; first federal regulation of stocks offers and sales. Three goals, 1. eliminate fraud, 2. to provide background informations, and 3. to provide a record of sales. Failure to abide by the new guidelines resulted in prosecution and liabilites. Tried to make stock market more truthful and reliable.
Native Americans
-IRA, indian reorganization act; federal legislation allowing tribes to return to self-government within their own tribes, let them manage their land and reservations. Tribes were allowed to make their own constitutions as long as they; 1. allow employment of legal counsel on tribe's council. 2. prohibit tribe's council from making any decisions regarding land without a majority vote from the tribe.. and 3. allow the tribe's council to negotiate with the U.S. government on any level. Repealed Dawes act, which broke up Native American land and allotted it to individual members of tribes and unrelated settlers. Returned land to tribes. Secretary of the Interior had to be consulted for decisions regarding Native Americans' land, which limited freedom of tribes. Thought to be unconstitutional.
Describe the culture of the 1930's.
Key terms:
Hundred Days
-FDR's first 100 days as president. March 9-June 16 1933. People wanted action fast, passed several programs to help rebuild the economy. His 'New Deal'. He met with Congress every day and 15 new pieces of legislature added. Emergency Banking Relief Act allowed government to inspect banks and close banks if they were too weak or in debt. Glass-Steagall Act insured bank customer's money up to 5,000. Allowed a bill to produce some alcohol for the first time since Prohibition.
fireside chats
-radios, families listened together. FDR spoke on the radio and reassured families of all the new things he was doing to help out the economy.
priming the pump
-providing help to public by spending money and helping start back up businisses
deficit spending
-spending money we dont have, digging us further and further into debt in an effort to start up businesses. Positives; stimulate economy, benefit public investment, increase ability to supply output in the long run. Negatives; need to be paid back by future generations, take money away from later needs, increase interest rates.
2. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of WWII.
I. Treaty of Versailles
-know what it specifically did and how it helped lead to WWII
*Land lost by Axis powers, especially Germany & Soviet Union. Germany lost land to France Belgium Denmark and Czechoslovakia. Land lost by Germany after WWI was regained by Hitler shortly after. League of Nations agreed not to get involved because it wasn't a big deal. Germany's army reduced to a hundred thousand men; army not allowed tanks or an airforce. West of the Rhineland and 50 km east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarized zone. No German weapons allowed here. Germany had to pay 33 billion dollars and had to accept the War Guilt Clause. They were forbidden to join with Austria. League of Nations set up to keep the peace. United States never joined because they feared it would drag us into war constantly. It required unanimous vote for things to get passed.
II. League of Nations
-define and explain it's weaknesses
-Why didn't the US join
III. Know the basics about the following countries:
-How did WWI/Treaty of Versailles impact this country
-How did this country change in the 1920's/1930's(includes leader coming to power and their goals).
-What was/were this countries military strategies in the 1920's and 1930's.
-How was this country involved on WWII(what alliance did they belong to, how were they involved within the war)
Germany
-reduced military, paid 33 billion, accepted war guilt clause. had a Weimar Republic, after war.. people often blamed their problems on the government. Hitler became chancellor, and then dictator, rebuilt military. Told people what they wanted to hear.. gave them jobs.. got people on his side. Took away rights from Jews. Jews pushed to ghettos, concentration camps, then death camps. Genocide. Hitler wanted to send all Jews to Madagascar. Hitler's goals were to make Germany strong again, militarily.. reunite German-speaking peoples, land lost in WWI.. Creation of the Arian race. Blitzkrieg; lightning war.. German advance. Lost millions in WWII. Cities bombed and destroyed. Remaining Nazi's were put on Nuremburg trials; war-crime trials. -Anschluss; unite. Germany united with Austria to become one in 1938. Czechoslovakia was Germany's next target.
Italy
Soviet Union
-Were not in league of nations, lost a lot of land b/c of Paris Peace Conference. Was given to Poland. They became communist. Bolshevic revolutions. Vladimir Lenin was the first leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin military leader, wanted to build up military, get back lost land. Got rid of people he couldn't trust. Able to do this because he was dictator. Five-year plans: improve agricultural and industrial output. Collectivization: Process where government takes over farms. Nationalization: Government taking charge of economy. 10 million people died. Secure borders; made sure countries surrounding them liked them. Military strategy; defensive. Scorched-earth policy; burning everything as they retreated so Germans couldn't use it. After WWII, U.S. and Soviets became 2 most powerful nations in the world.
Japan
-wanted to expand to China, but Treaty of Versailles didn't allow that, rather they were granted land from Germany. Wanted China because Japan lacks natural resources, tarriffs were high. Hirohito emperor; main goal was to strengthen military power. Tojo military leader. Came to power because previous leader didin't want war.. people of Japan disagreed and followed Tojo. Japan wanted to control islands and trade, U.S. stood in the way of both. Japan built up military and invaded China. Yamamoto; Pearl Harbor.. bombed us b/c they wanted oil and to trade with us. Rape of Nan King; 40-80,000 women raped by Japanese soldiers.
Great Britain
-had many war reparations paid by Germany to them. Nevil Chamberlain; prime minister.. not popular. Winston Churchill. Battle of Britain, bombing every night. Wanted to stop Hitler. Last country not allied by Hitler or controlled by Hitler. Lost many battles because they weren't prepared for war on land. Eventually controlled the air. Held ground until U.S. entered war.
France
-Leader, Clemenceau, hated Germany. Germany paid reparations to France. Dismanteled German military. Rhineland area de-militarized. Had a constitutional monarchy. Vichy government led by Marshal Petain. He did everything that Hitler told him to. Southern France controlled by Marshal Petain, North controlled by German Nazi's. Taken over by Germany in 1940. Free French underground, led by Charles de Gaulle. Fled France and stayed in London. Wanted their country back. Defeat Hitler. Hold on to empire. Military strategy; Maginot line- huge line on borders of Germany and Italy of tanks and concrete, used to slow down Germany so they would have time to prepare for an attack. Maginot line didn't work. France focused on defensive strategies. WWII put them into a heavy recession. They relied mainly on laissez-faire. High casualties. No longer a great power.
China
-Chiang Kai Shek; leader of China. Led nationalist party. He began campaigning to take back all lost land. Was going to be taken over by major powers, but U.S. thought of open-door policy. Allied with communist party to conquer Shanghai. Chiang Kai Shek and Mao Zedong had a civil war. Shek was nationalist and Zedong was communist. We supported Shek. Japan invades China in 1931, taking Manchuria for resources. 1937; Japan invades again and took more land. After that, Shek and Zedong decide to work together to fight off the Japanese. Japan raped Chinese women. Neither side could get the upper-hand.
US
-Treaty of Versailles didn't affect us as much, didn't lose land and we didn't join league of nations because we thought it would drag us into war. We didn't pass the Treaty of Versailles. Democracy. FDR made new deal program, wanted to restore economic prosperity. Wanted to stop Germany. WWI was supposed to be the end of all wars; Kellogg-Briand pact outlawed war. Military created job opportunities. We passed many neutrality acts in the 30's in an effort to stay out of the next war. Military strategy based on isolationism. After we got involved, we were a main power. We had a massive amount of troops and we had a very strong homefront. Allied power. WWII's impact got us out of the Great Depression, released racial tension, gave more independence to women. We emerged as a world Superpower.
Canada
-Not affected by Treaty of Versailles. Didn't really want anything from it in terms of benefits. Canada got more recognition as an independent country after WWI and WWII. Constitutional monarchy because they were controlled by Great Britain. McKenzie King was the leader at the time. Cared about the interests of the people. Wanted to expand nation's revenue and push towards independence.. also social reform. Role in WWII; many troops, helped them out of Great Depression, support system, made many goods such as military vehicles. Allied Powers. Very industrial during the war.
Australia
-Did not sign Treaty of Versailles. Basically just a place to fight. Owned by Great Britain. When Great Britain declared war, so did Australia.
IV. Hitler's Treatment of the Jews
-Jews burned, gassed. 6 million killed; genocide. Holocaust. Sent to concentration and death camps. Jews, gypsies, handicapped people, slavic people, poles, homosexuals, communists, dark skinned people, mixed races, and Jehovah's Witnesses were all inferior according to Hitler. Aryan; master race, pure blood, blonde haired and blue eyed. Lebensborn-Fount of Life- houses set up throughout Germany; program to promote growth of Aryan populations. Temporarily suspended civil liberties from all German citizens in 1933(were never restored). First concentration camp at Dachau in 1933. First inmates were 200 communists. Jews prohibited from working as teachers, civil servants, and doctors. Nearly all Jewish students banned from public highschools and colleges. Nuremburg laws 1935- took away German citizenship from Jews, making them second class citizens.. As little as being 1/4 Jewish put you at risk.. Jews could only marry Jews.. no sexual relations between non-Jewish Germans and Jews. 1936; Nazis boycott Jewish businesses. 1938; Kristallnacht; "Night of the Broken Glass"; Nazi gangs of youth roamed through Jewish neighborhood and broke window of Jewish businesses and homes, burned synagogues and looting. Jews physically attacked and beaten. All Jewish children expelled. Nazis took over Jewish businesses. 1939; Hitler ordered murder or mentally and physically disabled. Jews required to wear armbands with Star of David. 1940; Jews deported to Poland. Jews forced into ghettos. Begin first mass murder of Jews in Poland. 1941; German units shoot 33,771 Ukrainian Jews at BabiYar-largest single massacre of the Holocaust. First death camp at Chelmno in Poland built to kill Jews. 1942; Nazi officials announce "Final Solution"; plan to kill all European Jews. Five death camps begin operating in Poland; Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ghettos emptied and Jews shipped to death camps. U.S. Great Britain and Soviet Union acknowledge tthat Germans are exterminating the Jews of Europe. 1943; Warsaw ghetto full of Jews resisted Nazis, lost after a month. 1944; Hitler takes over Hungary and begins deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz. 1945; Hitler defeated. Holocaust over and death camps emptied. Many survivors placed in displaced persons camps. 1947; Jewish homeland established, Israel. Mengele had fascination with twins. He and other doctors performed terrible experiments on live Jews.
V. Munich Conference-Policy of Appeasement
Held to determine what was to be done with the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia. Hitler wanted it. Germany, France, Great Britain, and Italy were all there. Neville Chamberlain; GB. Ended in a compromise; Hitler given Sudentenland in exchange for his promise to not take any more land. Policy of Appeasement; satisfy Hitler to make him happy so he'll go away with what he wants and not ask for any more. Chamberlain thought he prevented a huge war, but really just delayed it.
VI. US Role in the 1920's/1930's
-Washington Naval Conference
-Kellog-Briand Pact
Outlawed war. 4 years after signing, Japan attacks Manchuria for resources. FDR issued Holly-Smoot tarriff which stopped trade with Japan.. made them angry.
-Neutrality Acts throughout the 1930's
1936; FDR signed Neutrality act.. gave loans to countries at war, arms embargo with warring nations also
-Quarantine Speech
Was first time that FDR showed that he favored the allied powers and said that the peaceful nations needed to quaratine the others.
-Panay Incident
First aggressive incident with Japan, they attacked the Panay; 2 Americans died.
-Bases for Destroyers
we gave Great Britain destroyer ships and in turn they gave us naval bases
-Lend-Lease Act
lend or lease materials to allied powers; tanks and machinery as long as they returned it to us
VII. Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
-Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons. Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war. Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland.
VIII. Outbreak of War--Blitzkrieg!!
-Japan and China
-Germany and Poland
September 1, 1939. Lightning war. Took out highways, airfields, communication centers, etc.
Sitzkrieg; Phony war. 39-40 winter; nothing really happened anywhere. Tripartite Pact; Japan officially added to Axis powers. Axis; Germany, Italy, Japan. Allies; U.S., France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, China, Canada, Australia. Germany invaded and took over Denmark and Norway, but could not control the North Sea because the British Navy was so strong.
-Germany and France
May-June 1940. Hitler attacks up through Belgium to avoid Maginot line. Taken over.
-Germany and Great Britain
battle of Britain, bombings every night. Germany took down many ships surrounding Britain.
-Germany and the Soviet Union
Germany invaded USSR; captured 90% of Stalingrad before Soviet Union could stop them. Slowly pushed Germans back. Used the policy as they retreated of "destroy anything that will be useful to Hitler". Battle of Moscow; snow and cold dark winter, Germany unprepared.
IX. Pearl Harbor
After the invasion of French inochina by Japan, U.S. stopped trading oil with them. So.. they decide to attack us. Tojo was the military leader, supported the attack. Hirohito was the Emperor, agreed with the attack. Admiral Yamamoto was the mastermind behind the attack on Pearl Harbor. Required complete radio silence as they traveled all the was across the ocean, had 2 waves of planes.. cancelled the 3rd. Made wooden fins on torpedos so they wouldn't go straight to the bottom of the harbor. First noticed by a soldier on a radar machine.. was told not to worry about it because they were just the new set of planes they were expecting. Many ships completely destroyed. The next day, Congress declares war. FDR signed the declaration of war.
Important People:
Hitler- Germany; Axis
-Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison, means my struggle. Portrays them as evil, blamed them for many things, accused them of rape. Propaganda.
Mussolini- Italy; Axis
-Invaded Ethiopia, Italy lost previously and sought revenge. League of Nations condemned the action. League of Nations can put Economic sanctions on, except for oil.
Churchill- Great Britain; Allies
FDR- U.S.; Allies
Tojo- Japan; Axis
Stalin- Soviet Union; Allies
-Killed anyone he couldn't trust, up to 10 or so million people. Aspiring preist.
Spain; neutral
-1935; Spanish civil war broke out. Franco supported by Mussolini and Hitler. Wanted to defeat the communists. Everyone wanted to defeat the communists because they feared losing power.
3. Students will understand how/why the Allies won WWII.
US Homefront:
People back home making war goods, food, medical supplies.
1. Selective Training and Service Act
-Instituted the U.S. draft. First peacetime draft in U.S. history, was used until 1973 to fill military needs. After that, the military depended on volunteers.
George C. Marshall was the cheif of staff during WWII.
2. Women's role in WWII
Took over men's jobs. (Rosie the Riveter) Nursing. Typists, making equipment and ammunition. WASP; Women's Army Service Pilots; tested planes, transported them. Tokyo Rose forced to broadcast propaganda to the Allied troops for Japan. She taunted the troops and played music from home. She was a U.S. citizen and was convicted of treason.
3. African-American's role in WWII
Fought in infantry, flied airplanes. Tuskegee Institute, bombing Italy, Germany.
4. Asian's role in WWII
Did everything a white man did, except discriminated against.
5. Hollywood's role in WWII
Entertained troops overseas, put out propaganda films, portrayed Germans/Japanese as bad, ugly, and us as just and invincible. Cary Grant, John Wayne famous actors. USO (Bob Hope); sent actors/singers/dancers overseas to entertain the troops.
6. Office of Price Administration
Deals with price controls; dealt with rationing food/gas/clothing. Thousands of workers. Food rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon. Gas rationing began in May 1942; limited to 5 gallons of gas per week. Assigned stickers, A allowed 4 gallons/week, B sticker; supplementary allowance for war workers, C sticker; vital occupation such as doctor, T sticker; truckers allowed unlimited gas. Black market developed in stolen or counterfeit stickers. 1945; 32,500 motorists arrested for using false stickers, 4000 gas stations closed. Everyone given booklet of stamps to buy food. Book came with instructions and 28 stamps.
7. War Production Board
Propagandatold workers not to waste time, work hard, etc.
8. National War Labor Board
Made sure workers got along, anti-strike.
9. Why the Homefront helped win the war
Henry Kaiser- built ships. Everyone helped make medical supplies, weapons, ammunition. Women working in factories, war production board encouraging people to make as much stuff as possible, Hollywood keeping things positive, National War Labor Board making sure people didn't go on strike. Intelligence gathering.
10. How US/Allies fought back against U-boats
We built faster ships to outrun them. Convoy system; ships travelled in large numbers. Ultra and Magic. Hunter-Killer ships and airplanes. Depth charges.
11. Intelligence gathering--Ultra/Magic
Trying to intercept and decode messages. Radar helped detect vessels and aircraft, HF/DF used to located sources of enemy radio transmissions; submarines. Ultra and Magic were the codenames for intercepting and deciphering German and Japanese codes. German; Ultra. Japanese; Magic. British and American trackers worked together to locate Axis powers using these. Enigma; German system that transferred their code, solving it's code was one of the great Allied triumphs of world war II. British "Bombe" decoded it.
12. Operation Barborossa(USSR vs Germany)
Hitler invaded Soviet Union because of Lebensbraum. (living space) Wanted Ukraine for farmland, use people as slave labor, defeat of USSR would further isolate the Allies. He wanted the oilfields in the Caucasus mountains. He didn't trust Stalin. German propaganda showed that Stalin was planning to attack Germany. He also hated all the ethnic Slavs ruled by their "Jewish Bolshevik" masters. Barbarossa began at 3:30 a.m. on June 22, 1941. 3/4 of German's army was here. By end of year 1, 3,500,000 Red Army soldiers in captivity and 4,000,000 dead. Wanted Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad. Soviets pushed back after 90% of Stalingrad was controlled. Battle of Moscow; October 1941. Hitler believed it was the major military and political target in the USSR as it would lead to the collapse of the country. Germans got within 12 miles before Soviet forces stopped the advance. Marked a major turning point of the Easter Front. Hitler was furious, blamed commander in cheif and fired him, then took control and made all military decisions. Led many German officers to go against him. Hitler surrounded himself with staff officers with little or no recent combat. Siege of Leningrad; Septermber 8, 1941.. last land connection to the city cut off by Germany. Lifting of the siege took place 872 days after it began. One of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and one of the most costly in terms of casualties. People were cannibals, also ate pets, amongst other disgusting things. Hungry gangs attacked and ate defenseless people. Never took Leningrad, but surrounded it and destroyed a lot of it. Over a million red army captured or missing, two and a half million wounded and sick.
13. Battle in Africa and Italy
Erwin Rommel-the desert fox. Very important general for Germany. Very smart, always outwitted, maneuvered, etc. the enemy. Eventually killed by Nazi's. Montgomery; Britain. George Patton; important general for U.S. Treated soldiers very roughly. Well-known and respected. Both Patton and Montgomery went after Rommel. Operation; codename for British-American invasion of French Notrh Africa. We defeated Germans, Italians and Vichy France. Casablanca conference; U.S. and Britain, unconditional surrender of Germany. Fighting in the Appenine Mountains; enemy had high ground, hard to regain control. Fighting in Italy took a long time; 2-3 years.
14. US Generals-Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, MacArthur, Nimitz, Bradley
Marshall; army chief of staff. Eisenhower; head honcho of all Generals. Bradley; Famous General. MacArthur; General against Japan refused to evacuate until FDR made him.. then went to Australia.. came back to the Phillipines and became head of all U.S. and Australian forces. Nimitz; admiral of U.S. navy against Japan.
15. D-Day-Operation Overlord
June 6, 1944. Allied invasion of Nazi France. Two phases. 1st; airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian, and Free French troops shortly after midnight. 2nd; amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armored divisions on the coast of France starting at 6:30 a.m. Also decoy operations to distract the German forces from the real landing areas. Largest amphibious invasion in world history; over 160,000 troops. Roughly 10,000 Allied casualties. Atlantic wall to defend against us.
16. Battle of the Bulge
Winter of 1944, we're right on the border of Germany. Many men, tanks, aircraft lost. Worst American loss in all of WWII. Hitler's last effort. Malmedy Massacre, 86 American soldiers were murdered, worst atrocity against American soldiers in Europe. Did nothing but kill people.
17. FDR Dies-Truman takes over
Truman becomes
18. VE Day
Victory in Europe Day; May 8, 1945. War over in Europe.
19. Battle in the Pacific-Island Hopping, Philippines, Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa,
We adopted an island-hopping policy; saved time, money, lives. Took over islands, cut them off from communication/resources. Strategy in South Pacific against Japan. Hopped over non-important or smaller islands. December 7, 1941; Phillipines (U.S. territory) Bataan Death March; May 1942; 6 mile stretch where Japanese forces U.S. and Filipino POW's to march 60 miles to another camp. Perhaps up to 20,000 dead. Physical abuse to the soldiers.. Japanese later put on trial for war crimes. Battle of the Coral Sea; major naval battle between Japanese navy and allied naval and air forces from the U.S. and Australia. Battle was first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, neither side's ships saw or fired directly upon the other. Battle of Midway; most important naval battle against Japan. We defeated them in the attack against Midway island. They suffered heavy losses and never recovered. Magic played big role. Guadalcanal; fought in Solomon islands archipelago. Significant strategic victory by Allied forces over Japanese in Pacific theatre. Marked the transition by the Allies from defensive operations to offensive that resulted in Japan's eventual surrender and the end of World War II. Battle of Leyte Gulf "Sunk" Japanese navy, both literally and figuratively. MacArthur returned to the Phillipines, we took them over. Iwo Jima; very mountainous, Japs were dug into the mountains, hard to see/find; made it very dangerous. Raised flag on Mt. Suribachi; very well known, popular, monument in D.C. Okinawa; very close to Japan. We were bombing them heavily, major cities destroyed but they didn't surrender, thought we'd have to invade them.
20. Navajo Code Talkers
Code we used to give information about where people were, where to bomb, other military info. Navajo language put into a code. Officers ordered to shoot and kill Navajo talker if they were being captured. Code was that important.
21. Doolittle's Raid
Mission; bomb Tokyo, Japan. Said to be a suicide mission. Happened because an attack on Japanese homeland would cause confusion and questioning of the reliability of their leaders. Americans needed a morale boost.
22. Manhattan Project
Codename for the development of the atomic bomb. Leslie Groves; General in charge. J Robert Oppenheimer; scientist in charge. First tested in wasteland in New Mexico; "Trinity". Enola Gay
23. Hiroshima bombing
"Little Boy". Aimed for bridge. Many died, not only from explosion but also radiation. B-29 plane dropped bomb
24. Nagasaki bombing
"Fat Man" B-29 plane. Mushroom clouds. Bomb was bigger but did less damage due to the mountainous terrain.
25. VJ Day
Victory in Japan day. August 14, 1945; Japan surrendered.. ending WWII.
26. Yalta Conference
Winston Churchill, FDR, and Stalin; dealt with fate of post-war Europe. February 1945; before anyone surrendered. Germany would be broken into four occupation zones; US, GB, France,(West Germany) USSR(East Germany). Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe. (lie) Stalin also promised to join war against Japan after war with Germany was over.(truth) Have conference at San Francisco to set up UN.
27. Nuremburg Trials
Nuremburg, Germany. War crimes trials of Nazis. Herman Goering; leader of German luftwaffe.. killed himself by hanging during the trials.
*Government passed GI Bill of Rights helped WWII veterans get jobs, through college, get homes, helped transition soldiers to get back to "normal" life.
28. Japanese Internment Camps in US
We forced Japanese-Americans to sell all their things they couldn't pack in suitcases and come work in internment camps. Army barracks; desolate areas. Government told them it was for their safety; lies. Played sports, went to school, had jobs. We basically isolated them away from us because we didn't trust them.
-Hitler's suicide; gets married to long time sweetheart Eva Braun. Died same day she married him. Both took poison, he shot himself. He had his bodyguards burn his body. Gubbels killed his entire family.
4. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Cold War.
1. Causes of the Cold War-
America had a democracy and the Soviet Union was communist..Americans feared a communist attack..Both countries feared the other's government
-Democracy-freedom..people have the power
-Communism-government controls everything and there's no freedom
Truman vs. Stalin:
-were allies during the war
-argued about power
-broke ties at the end of the war
-D-day delay
-Refused to join the United Nations
3 Power disagreement
-Stalin wanted an agreement from Germany that they wouldn't attack
-US wanted to help build Germany back up after the war
-US and Germany wanted to stop Communist control...didn't want it to spread any further
2. Policy of Containment: domino effect, Iron Curtain Speech, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine-
Policy of Containment; U.S. used military, economy, and international relations to slow down the spread of communism
Domino effect; one country becoming communist sparked the decision of another one to be come communist also
Iron Curtain Speech; Iron curtain divided Europe into two groups after WWII, speech given by Churchill on March 5, 46 and it addressed the segregation between East and West Europe, and it was then that the Cold War began
Marshall Plan; Strengthen European economic foundation, it modernized business and industrialization, lowered artificial trade barriers, helped develop self-reliance, and gave hope for the future, we helped European countries
Truman Doctrine; took over support from Great Britain, we helped Greece and Turkey-gave them money and military supplies but not troops
3. House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)-
HUAC; investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive acts on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties
4. Senator Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism-
Joe McCarthy; hunted communists, senator from Wisconsin
McCarthyism; practice of publicizing accusations of disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence
5. Berlin Blockade and Airlift-Brian-
Berlin Blockade; plans of Soviets differed from plans of France, GB, and U.S.. soviets tried to take control of Berlin. Attempted to cut off West Berliners from rest of the world, blockade was supposed to cause starvation and bankruptcy
Airlift; supplies flew into Berlin
6. China becoming communist-Mao- Mao Zedong founding father of communism. Agrarian reform law put land into the wrong hands. Many things different, divorce easy, businesses privately owned, no polygamy prostitution or abortion, marriage reform law, no foreigners or cars in cities. Cultural revolution. Before communism, China was in a war with Japan, had too many people, unmodernized, poor, isolated, money valueless. Three-Antis Campaign; tried to get rid of capitalists. First Five Year Plan based off of Soviet Union's.
7. NATO(beginning to present), de-Stalinization and peaceful co-existence- NATO; North Atlantic Treaty Organization.. Stalin died Kruhschehv came to power, spoke of de-stalinization. No more killing people, less brutal, ending slave labor camps. Peaceful co-existence; we don't have to love each other and get along, but we can live peacefully next to eachother and mind our own.
8. Nuclear Arms race;
-Soviets began working on their own weapons
-Americans predicted USSR's weapons wouldn't be ready until mid-1950's
-First Soviet bomb dropped on August 29, 1949
-Known as "joe One"
-Both began working on hydrogen bombs
-smaller in size but 2500 times more powerful
ICBMs
-Intercontinental ballistic missiles or rockets
-most important development in terms of delivery
-missiles were thought to be more effective thatn strategic bombers
-also cheaper, faster and more diffucult to destroy
-US employed German scientist who had developed the V2 Rocket in WWII
Development
-Biggest problem was accuracy
-Further distances traveled=less accuracy
-US needed missiles to travel long distances
-ICBMs were lighter and smaller
-By 1967, US had developed Atlas missile
-Minuteman
-Atlas took over an hourt to prepare
-By end of the 1950's the Minuteman was produced
Space Race
-On OCtober 4, 1057, the SUSR launched their first milssile/sattelite called the Sputnik
-Showed the had missiles able to reach any part of the world
-US launched own satellite two years later
-When USSR launched Sputnik, America built DEW line around the Arctic-Defense and Early Warning System
-If Russia attacked with missiles, twenty million Americans would die
-There were enough bombs to destroy world by 1961
Polaris
-Subarmarine that the US developed
-Could carry nuclear weapons
-Subs could move closer to USSR
-Accuracy increased
-Could carry 16 nuclear missiles
-One Polaris sub carried more power than bombs during WWII
Defense
-1950's saw first attempts to defend agaisnt nuclear weapons
-The US and USSR built large radar systems to detect bombers and missiles
-Fighter and anti-ballistic missile wer also developed
-Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterreence
-If an attack from an agressor nation would occur, the attacked country would massively retaliate by using force greater thatn the size of the attack
-The aim was to deter that country from attacking in the first place
-The US would use bomb shelters and nuclear weapons helped to defend the US from attacks
9. Fidel Castro and the Bay of Pigs- Cuba suspected invasion, supplied themselves ahead of time. False invasion with cargo ships, then we attacked.. Cuban planes started attacking us. Mission unsuccessful. Cubans supposed to recapture their land that was being dictated by Castro.. were promised air support by Kennedy.
10. The Cuban Missile Crisis- Missiles being held in Cuba, we quarantined them so no more missiles could come in. Made a deal that if all missiles were removed from Cuba, we would not invade them.. we also removed our missiles from Turkey. Two leaders were JFK and Nikita Khrushchev
11. The Berlin Wall--Going Up and Coming Down-
-Barrier constructed by German democratic republic
-Cut of West Berlin from east Berlin and Germany
-Death strip, Wire fence to concrete, Guard Towers, more than 87 miles long
Why it was constructed:
-Eastern Bloc was dominated by the Soviets
-Fascist-radical political ideology
-Socialist state in East Germany
-West Germany hadn't been de-Nazified "Wall of Shame"
-Stopped people from fleeing from East Berlin to West Berlin
Effects:
-many tried to escape to be free
-some families were split because of the wall
-many lost jobs because they were cut off from it
-East German government able to reassert control
Response:
-Kennedy appointed General Lucius D. Clay
-ordered the Berlin airlift to drop supplies
-US troops marched from West Germany to East headed to Wes Berlin
-The convoy arrived in West Berlin
-Berliners felt reassured
The Fall:
-Hugary had disabled its border defences against Austria
-Many East Germans escaped through Hungary to Austria
-Then flooded West Germany and refused to return
-East Germany disallowed travel to Hugary
-Protest broke out in East
-"Peaceful Revolution"--
-Germans gathered at gate, guards overwhelmed
Demolition
-Started on November 9, 1989 (it was put up in 1961)
-Wall not completely torn down
-People came with sledgehammers, and chissels, and hammers
-More border crossings added
-Bulldozers reinstated old roads
-Visa-free travel on December 23
-Short sections and watchtowers left as memorials
-German reunification not official until October 3, 1990
12. Nixon's visit to China-
-President Nixon was a strong Anti-communist
-Wanted to improve relations between the Soviet Union, China, and the US after WWII were deterioratin
-China was teetering on the edge of communism under the control of Mao Zedong
-Government officials were secretly visiting China in order to prepare
-There was a lot of security involved
The meeting:
-took place in 1972 in Beijing, Hanzghou, and Shanghai
-Nison met with Mao Zedong in Beijing to discuss tension....
-Shanghai Communique
-The US and China issued it
-It stated that the countries would work toward normalization
Results
-improved relations between China and US
-Nixon's trip was set the stage for economic sharing
13. 1970's Peace Attempts-Detente, Salt I, Salt II-
14. Effects of the Soviet's invasion of Afghanistan- Afghanistan; grain production dropped, we had a grain embargo, communist leader Najibullah. five million mines in the country, Al Qaeda and Taliban formed, the invasion was a failure, caused low morale, loss of 15,000 soldiers, 1 million Afghans killed, Soviets; lost hundreds of aircrafts and other machines, president Carter prohibited trade with Soviets, also boycotted the Moscow olympic games, we spent a lot of money supporting the resistance group against Soviets, Taraki and Amin leaders of Afghanistan, Taraki first communist president, Amin killed Taraki by suffocating him, KGB killed Amin; thought he wasn't loyal, people didn't like his ways, KGB is like our CIA
I got these last three from Megan because I was gone at state track when Mr. Bruns taught them.
5. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Korean Conflict.
- korea split in half after second world war, north communist and south democratic
- was going to be an election to unite the country
- we pulled our troops out
- North invades south, US forces north back
- China is communist, they think we will invade, so they invade
- we push back and forth
- armistice signed (not a treaty)
- they are still at war
- set up border (DMZ)
- north korea has nuclear weapons today
6. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Vietnam Conflict.
- WWI ends
- North Vietnam wants to unite country
- we are allied with south vietnam
- wants independence from France- France says not going to happen
- France eventually loses and pulls out of vietnam
- but.. we come in and take frances side to stop communism (policy of containment)
- escalation- going up
- we sent money to French to defeat commies
- then we send military advisors- eisenhower
- then send Green Berets and more adivsors- JFK
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution-
- some US ships were supposedly attacked by north vietnam
- not really
- congress gave permission to wage war
- then sent combat troops- (more and more every year til 1968)
- 1968-
- people start hating the war
- Tet Offensive- huge military victory for the US.. but people think of it as negative since the govt had said the war was almost over... were lying to them
- My Lai Massacre- US soldiers killed 504 Vietnamese civilians- raped women
- Napalm Attacks- sticky substance that burns
- War Protests
- 69 election
- nixon calls for the end of the war
- we start de-escalation
- makes a last effort in the war- bombs laos and cambodia- (destroy their supplies)
- vietnamization- we pull out and let the vietnamese fight their own war
- we pull out in 1973
- we tell south that we will come help if they need it
- in 1975 North invades the South- we dont come help- all of vietnam is communist
7. Students will understand the causes and effects of the Persian Gulf Wars as well as the War on Terror.
- Why'd we go to war?
- we thought Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction
- became very unpopular
- thought govt was lying to us
- What's the current situation?
- Saddam put on trial and put to death
- we pulled out all combat troops
- only have military advisors there now
- afraid that if we leave Al Quaeda will take over
- Why'd we go to war?
- 9/11
- al quaeda attacks twin towers
- taliban is the govt
- What's the current sitaution?
- killed Osama Bin Laden recently
- we're hoping to pull troops out this summer
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