Essentials for US History1. Students will understand the impact the Industrial Revolution had on the United States.During the time of the industrial revolution, there was a higher production rate of goods because people were coming up with more efficient ways to make things in factories. There were more job offerings for people to work in factories, and because products were so easily made, the prices dropped and people were able to afford more things. During this time there were a lot of railroads, thus creating a lot of things such as time zones, and making the world more flat. There were monopolies at this time. The main monopolies were from Carnegie (oil) and Rockefeller (steel). Monopolies basically made businesses capeable to take over everything and rip a lot of people off. Also at the time there were a lot of inventions to benefit businesses and the average american, such as the telephone and the typewriter.2. Students will understand the impact immigration and urbanization had on the United States.ImmigrationA lot of people were immigrating to the states, most went through Ellis Island, Chinese went through Angel Island. Most americans at the time were nativists and did not like the immigration going on because they thought that they were taking jobs from them. This was caused because the immigrants were willing to work for a lot less than the americans who wanted raises. There was a lot of discrimination that went on against the new immigrants. They were put through super hard tests to get into the United States, and there were even laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act that only allowed certain Chinese people in. Mainly people that they needed that were higher in society.UrbanizationCities were growing very rapidly, so they were very crowded. There were a lot of poor areas in the cities. There was increased crime rates because the amount of people, there were also a lot of house fires. A lot of people moved to the cities so they could be close to the factories where most people worked. Farmers moved to the cities because they were experiencing a lack of money and supplies.3. Students will understand the impact of the Progressive Era on the United States.The progressive era did a lot of things to help out the United States. The progressives worked to make the workplace safer. Workers were given workers compensation, which just basically covered them because before that they were fired if something went wrong such as the loss of a limb in the factory. There were also other things that increased safety such as the workers being given earmuffs for protections. OSHA was started in 1970 which was a group that shut down businesses if they found them to be unsafe.The progressives worked to reduce child labor. Before child labor was very common, this is including young children, from ages five to nine even. Bosses thought that children were ideal workers because of their small agile fingers and they were willing to work for lower wages. Immigrants often sent their young children to work so they could have money in the poor times. Children were very likely to have accidents in results of fatigue. Child labor lowered wages for all workers. In 1916, the Keating-Owen act was passed that prohibited the transportation of child-made goods across the state line. This was declared unconstitutional two years later because it interfeered with the state's rights. By the 1920's, most states had banned child labor. Today there are still a lot of strict laws with child labor.The progressives started a thing called prohibition. Prohibition was the banning of alcohol. People wanted prohibition bacause there were not many laws against alcohol and people thought that all the public drunkeness was morally wrong, so people basically wanted an end to this. All the drunks was causing a lot of crime suck as people using the black market and peopel cheating on their spouses. Religious women were the main pushers of prohibitions. Also, there were a lot of public announcements that talked about the evils of alcohol. One of the big things that got supporters was that supporters thought that taking a drink or two was fine because they were just trying to get rid of drunkeness but then alcohol was completely banned and that made a lot of people, even the people that were for it at first, angry. This was lost during the Civil war but was later brought back up. The eighteenth ammendment banned the distribution of alcohol in all states. This banning led to a lot of organized crimes.During this time the prohibitionists realized their idea wasn't working and people still had their home-made alcohol, "moonshine" they got back to congress and had the Volstead act made so then alcohol was completely illegal except for in church and for medicine. This started mobs that sold alcohol, and other underground bars. At the time jazz music was hated because it was linked with the private bars called speak-easies. In 1933 the 21st ammendment was made to take out the 18th ammendment.Progressives worked to reduce the number of working hours. Muller v. Oregon- court case taken Curt Muller forced one of his female workers to work over ten hours in one day, taken to the supreme court and ruled that they keep a restricted ten hours work day. Bunting v. Oregon- court case taken because of a group of people including males that worked over ten hours in one day, it ruled by the supreme court then people were now able to work over ten hours in one day.The progressives moved to make the countries more democratic. Secret ballot made the country more democratic. Initiative and a referendum- allows people to start a bill, gives power to the people. Initiative- people starting a bill, referendum- people voting on the bill. recall- direct primaries became more common, these reduced the political machine's power. I'm hoping when I read chapter nine this will make more sense because I am extremely confused. All of these things give the common people power. There was no more rich people electing rich people.The progressives started Women's Suffrage. Before women were known as second class citizens.During the progressive era women held conventions and had people sign petitions against women's suffrage.3 part strategy for womens suffrage1. Give women the right to vote in their state.2. 14th ammendment3. Women pushed for a national constitutional ammendment to get women the right to voteToday there is basically no difference between the rights of women and men.The progressives worked for better wages. Before the progressiva era there was atrocious pay. Some people were payed around 15 cents per hour.Minimum Wages. Henry Ford started the 5 dollar day. 8 hours a day for 5 dollars per day. This was during the progressive era and was considered good.Progressives worked to stop segregation. Segregation is the seperation of the races. There were two main cases with segregation, those were Plessy v. Fergeson in 1896, and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1953. Plessy v. Ferguson ruled the for thinfgs to be "seperate but equal" when in reality everthing was seperate but unequal. In the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas the Plessy v. Fergusen case was overruled in which things were no longer made seperate. At first african americans thought the problem in the whole "seprerate but equal" theory was the fact that they were unequal, but they soon came to realize that the problem was indeed that they were seperated, and came to knowledge that if they were not seperated, then things would be more equal.Progressives worked to make food and drugs safer in the United States. Foods without labels/expiration dates. Passed laws that said food had to have lables, this was started by the USDA. It was made so people would not get sick from like bad meat and stuff. There was a book that was wrote to keep make people aware of the nasty meat. The book was called The Jungle. In the book the author gave examples of what was going into the meat. When people ate meat in those days, people were not eating only the beef but also thigs like rats, feces, rat poisons, saw duct, ect. Upton Sinclaire was the author of The Jungle. Back in those days, I'm thinking I would be a vegetarian. There was the Meat Inspection Act to make sure that meat was safe to eat. Back in the days there were a lot of medicines that were not actual drugs, they were just sugar, and also there were medicines that contained addictive drugs. These were part of the Pure Food and Drug Act which made foods safer. Today they have a lot more information about foods on the labels.Progressives worked to regulate businesses in the United States. Before there were monopolies, the businesses were mainly in control. The policy of the united states on businesses was the laissez-faire, other known as "hands off." The monopolies controlled the farms and the rivers. Roosevelt called himself the "Trust-Buster" The Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Roosevelt was a president that sided with the common workers, instead of the big mine thing or whatever. The ICC was the Interstate Commerce Commision which formed the Interstate Commerce Act which enforced the railroads companies to set a certain rate for people to make sure that everyone was being fair. According to Mr. Bruns, Teddy Roosevelt was a stud. Wildrow Wilson and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act- made when the Sherman Anti Trust Act failed, this act allowed the government to break up monopolies. The Federal Trade Commission- this stopped big businesses from doing unfair things, and it would breakup companies that were doing theings that were unfairly monopolistic.President Taft broke up more trust than Roosevelt, and Wilson broke up more than Taft.4. Students will understand the impact imperialism had on the United States and world.Imperialism was when the larger, more powerful countries would go and take over smaller countries. This was done when we took over Alaska and Hawaii. The main people wanted to take over countries was to colonize meaning that they would get more land, power, and more wealth. Alaska was a good addition to the United States because of the amount of natural resources it bared. Hawaii was the same, with its sugar cane which was a big up lifter in our ability to acquire that island. The United states was able to get a lot of land also from the Spanish-American War. From that war we acquired the Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.5. Students will understand the causes for US involvement in World War I and the effects it had on the United States.CausesOne thing that got the United States involved in WWI was the sinking of US ships. There was a peace call to stop this from the US, but Germany went on using unrestricted submarine warfare. There was also the Zimmerman note from Germany to Mexico, promising an alliance with Mexico if US became part of the war, and a promise to help Mexico take control of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Also the trade with Europe had been increasing while trade with Germany decreased.1. Germany started sinking ships.. the main ships were ships from Germany and France, and there were people from the United States on those ships which made us sad. As time went on, we became very upset because they were sinking ships that people from the United States were on.2. The second biggest reason was the Zimmerman Note which was a coded telegram sent by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmerman, on January 16, 1917. It was sent to the German ambassador in America. The note was a post-alliance between Germany and Mexico. The note was published in the newspaper on March 1. We were giving so much stuff to GB that Germany thought that they were losing the war from it, so they were hoping that if they started unrestricted submarine warfare the US would just back-off and they would win.3. Beliefs of War Hawks from Teddy Roosevelt, who actually wanted to go and fight in the war but Wilson didn't let him because he didn’t think that a president should die in a war,4. Trading with Europe increased.5. British and American Propaganda6. Preparedness Program in 1915- the US started arming and preparing for war7. American business- munitions business pushed US into was to make money8. Germany declaration of "unlimited submarine warfare."EffectsAfter the war came Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungry, and Yugoslavia. Also, the Treaty of Versailles came, which kind of basically destroyed Europe. Also from the war came Wilson’s Fourteen Points, and the League of Nations.Wilson's 14 Points -not out to punish Germany, to change countries for the better1. An end to secret treaties2. Freedom of the seas3. Free trade for all countries4. Disarmament5. End to colonial chains6. Self determination for all countries, as long as they choose Democracy7. Restoration of Belgium8. Restoration of France9. Readjustment of Italy's boundaries10. Austria-Hungary would be given opportunity for autonomous development11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated and restored12. Turkey should be sovereign13. Poland would be given their independance14. The "League of Nations" would be developedTreaty of VersaillesTerritorialThe following land was taken away from Germany-Alsace-Lorraine, Eupen and Malmedy, Northern Schleswid, Hultschin, West Prussia, Posen and Upper SilesiaThe Saar, Danzig, and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany of not in a future referendumMilitaryGermany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men and the army was not allowed tanks, they were not allowed an airforce and were only allowed a certain amount of submarines.FinancialGermany had to pay 33 billion dollars; it seemed clear to Germany that the Allies wanted nothing else but to bankrupt them. We ended up lending money to Germany, they used that to pay Great Britain and France, and they used that to pay the United States back.General1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231- the infamous “War Guilt Cause”2. Germany, as it was responsible for starting the war as stated in clause 231, was therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the first world war. Therefore, they had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to both countries during the war. $33,000,000,000.3. A League of Nations was set up to keep would peace.6. Students will understand the political, social and economic changes that occurred in the 1920’s in the United States.Political ChangesFordey McCumber Tariff raised taxes on us imports up to 60%. Teapot Dome Scandal set aside land for the US navy. It was a huge scandal of the 1920s; it sold land for personal gain that was not to be sold. Graphed was corruption in the government. NAACP was an organization that fought for African American rights, they mainly fought against lynching. They began to move north in search for better jobs. In 1928 an anti-lynching law was formed. The anti-lynching law failed after a few years. Marcus Garvey was an immigrant from Jamaica. His opinion was that the African Americans should build a society away from every one else so he founded a foundation and he made a "Back to Africa" movement. The KKK was a group that wanted complete Americanism. Nativism was a trend in the 1920's. Nativists were people that wanted only wanted the Americans there; they did not like people immigrating to the United States. In the 1920’s, they turned to trying to limit immigrants coming into the United States. They tried to keep all the immigrants from China and Asia out completely. They also tried to keep immigrants out because of the “Red Scare.” Russia had just become communists, and in the United States we had the Red Scare, because we were scared that we would become communists, so we tried to keep the communists out of our country. We went back to isolationism in the 1920s. We went back to normalcy. The Kellogg Briand pact was a pact signed by like sixty countries which outlawed wars, which was completely unrealistic. It was not successful. Daw’s Plan- we were going to give money to Germany so they could repay Great Britain and France in which they would pay us back in which we lost a lot of money. Anarchists were people that believed in no government. These two people were accused and put to death from the death of this one guy because of the Red Scare. We feared communists and other radical ideas such as anarchy we punished them so there were consequences such as putting them to death.Economic ChangesFordey McCumber Tariff which raised tax rates on imports up to 60% which was the highest they had ever been in our history. There were a lot of strikes in the 1920s because the common person did not do as well. It helped American Businesses but hurt the consumer. The government still favored big businesses at that time. Because of the tariffs some countries could not sell any good here because they did not make any money. That high tariff was a huge mistake was one of the causes of the Great Depression. Daw’s Act. Daw’s Plan- we gave money to Germany, they gave to France and Great Britain and Great Britain and France paid us. Troubled Industries, basic industries stopped making profits. Automobile, Route 66, gave families more opportunities to go on vacation. Holland? Tunnel, NYC to New Jersey. Because of the automobile oil industries and other construction companies boomed also. Roads were made and gas stations were built. Herbert Hoover, big part in the Efficiency Movement? Hoover's and Coolidge had similar approaches towards the business government, "laissez-faire." Coolidge and Hoover believed in natural laws on how America had always worked, using the laws of Supply and Demand, that’s how they believed how it was supposed to work. When prices go down people buy more. Modern Advertising, people hired psychologists to see what would interest people within their advertisements. Airplanes were first created through mail service, trimotor airplane created by Henry Ford. Transatlantic Passenger Flights were created. There was a surplus in food because the farmers were used to making large amounts of food during the war, and after it not as much was needed so the price of food went down. At the time there were installment plans, which i think were like more of accounts payable, which when someone bought things such as like a house they could make small separate payments. Tax increases supporting education, the population of kids going to school increased so they needed more taxes to pay for like that supplies during the school. One of the main challenges of educating the kids was that most of the kids were immigrants and did not even speak English. Taxes went up because they had a lot of kids to educate. About the time of the great depression a lot of schools shut down because they did not have the tax money to pay for it. Coolidge favored government taxes. He wanted to keep interference of the government to a minimum. During the twenties we saw an expansion of infrastructure, there was a change in the architectures of homes. The economic changes we saw during the 1920s was the economy was better, businesses boomed, there was a huge economic boom but the foundation was not solid which was why there was the stock market crash.Social ChangesAutomobile industries, the airplane, standard of living.People were wanting more to move into the cities, the cities were not expanding fast enough so a lot of the cities were slums. In the cities there was a lot more things that people in the rural communities found morally wrong such as drinking as casual dating. Prohibition led to more crime rates and organized crimes, bootlegging and "speak easies." Speak easies" were places were small groups of people could secretly meet and drink and gamble. Bootleggers were people who made and distributed their own alcohol. Organized crimes were mainly done by the mob gangsters. Alco pone was one of the most popular gangsters, he was a mob leader of Chicago, he owned thousands of speak easies, and he was highly wanted. He was very good at covering his tracks and he was worth around 100 million dollars. Flappers emerged at the time, who were rebellious women. Many teens went along with the rebellions.At the time dating was not viewed as morally correct. Dating was only considered okay if you planned on getting married. Fundamentalism was started by Protestants who were against anything that was not taught in the bible. They viewed that everything that was taught in the bible was correct and that was all you needed to know. The theory of evolution was created and the Protestants tweaked so they made Creationism. Creationists were completely against evolution, they thought that it was a slap in the face to the Bible and to God. They even had movements to try to get the teaching of the theory out of schools. Teachers who taught about evolution were to be arrested. The trial went national right away. He was found guilty right away, and this upset many people. He was only charged $100. The radio changed many families and pretty much the nation. The radio gave people greater access to the world and current events. They learned things a lot faster than from the newspapers or orally. Sports were put on the radio, such as baseball and boxing. 1927, the fight of the century between Jack Tempsy and Gene Tuney (winner) It was so suspenseful that many people were said to have died from heart failure during the match. By the end of the twenties most people had a radio. People would gather around the radio and listen, the same concept of how we watch tv today. During this time King Kong attacked New York City. School attendance when up from one million to four million from 1914-1926. The government was really trying to push people to attend school more. We were already the top nation and people believed we needed to stay that way. A lot more classes were offered. Teachers adapted how they taught because at the time a lot of immigrants came that could not speak English so they had to teach simple English. The literacy rate rose because of this. The culture was expanded from the media, many small newspaper companies went out of business because they would not keep up with the larger newspaper businesses. Charles Lindberg is famous for being the first person to fly across the Atlantic. There was a reward of 25 thousand dollars for anyone who could fly across the Atlantic so he took up the challenge. The flight lasted about 33 hours.7. Students will understand the causes and effects of the Great Depression.Causes of the Great Depression-WWI’s high demand of goods was no longer needed so businesses had an excess supply and no demand so they were going out of business. This went along with farmers also.-Farm prices were way down. They were a group that did not do well in the 1920s.- (Overproduction)-Buying on credit: a lot of people were in debt so the quit buying things-Banks closing down, people losing their money: people who had money in the bank wanted to take it out because of fear-Stock Market CrashKey Concept: Throughout the 1920’s people started to buy things on credit and by the late 1920’s people were in debt and quit buying a lot of things. This made businesses have to lay people off, they had to lower prices, and eventually some had to close down. By 1933 the unemployment rate went up 33%. Farmers were not making any money. The stock market crashed. The banks closing affected a lot of people.Effects of the Great Depression-Banks closed-People lost their life saving, or at least a lot of their money-People lost money from stock markets-Businesses closed-People lost jobs-People lost their homes-People became homeless-Unemployment went sky high, 25% of the population-Shanty towns were built outside of cities, “Hoovervilles”-People went starving-People became hobos-Depression rate went up-Suicide rates went up-Schools closed down-A lot of farmers in the Great Plains moved westward, mainly because of dust bowls (Oakies, people who left farms from Oklahoma)-Women workers were disliked-Hatred towards president Hoover
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