1. Students will understand the impact the
Great Depression and New Deal had on the US.
Causes
of the Great Depression
1.
Uneven distribution of wealth
2. Debt because of buying on margin
3. Overproduction of goods
4. Old and decaying industrial base makes us less
competitive
5. Unsuccessful economic policies (high tariffs)
6. Stock market crash
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The Great Depression was a
period of time in which there were little jobs and the highest unemployment
rate in history. A lot of banks failed during this time and many lost trust in
them. Money was scarce and families were hungry. Farmers produced too much food
and prices on goods plummeted but still people could not afford needed goods.
Many farmers and workers moved to the cities to try and find work.
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The New Deal Summary
The three R’s were Relief (to
halt the deteriorating markets and help the people), Reform (temporary programs
to start helping and to reform the banking system), Recovery (permanent
programs to help the economy). -The First New Deal was aimed at fixing the
economy and the Second New Deal was aimed at helping the common people and had
all of the alphabet soup.
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The New Deal was FDR’s plan to
get us out of the Great Depression. With all of its programs it helped to bring
an end to the despair of the Great Depression. Most of the programs or forms of
them are still around today.
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unemployed-PWA
help to create new jobs in the construction industry. Civil Works
administration also did this. RFC loans helped to make more jobs. USHA gave
jobs for unemployed to build homes. NYA gave young people jobs. WPA gave jobs
to people to “build” more jobs.
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Farmers- RFC loans helped to
make more jobs. Soil conservation and domestic allotment act paid them to plant
less and build terraces. AAA paid them to plant fewer crops. REA lit up their
homes.
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Factory workers/labor-NLRA
set up minimum wages. NIRA helped people to go buy goods only from stores that
treat workers fairly.
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Young people-
NYA gave them jobs. CCC helped to give them life skills and simple jobs.
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Banks/business/stock market-RFC gave loans to banks to help keep banks running by using the
Trickledown Theory. FSA began regulating the stock market. EBRA shut them down
so that they would stay in business when they reopened. The banking act of 1933
created the FDIC. The Banking Act of 1935 strengthened banks.
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Home owners-
USHA gave jobs for unemployed to build homes.
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Elderly- the Social Security
Administration helped for retirement.
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Native Americans-IRA
got rid of the Dawes Act by giving them reservations to live on and have their
schools and government.
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Consumers-
Food, drug and cosmetics act made them safer for consumers.
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2. Students will understand the causes,
effects and major events of WWII.
Pearl Harbor- After the Japanese invaded
French Indochina we stopped trading them. This caused them to feel like they
could either trade something in order to be able to get oil back or attack us
and we gave them no choice but to attack us. They did this at Pearl Harbor in a
sneak attack of two waves that attacked ships and the bases in Hawaii. This
deeply angered the United States and caused us to enter the war against Japan.
D-Day- D-Day was the largest amphibious
invasion in history, invasion of Nazi controlled France. 137,000 troops landed
on the Normandy coast on June 6 1944 called Operation Overlord. Utah beach was
used to bring in supplies and had less casualties. Omaha beach was the hardest
beach to take since there was no prior bombing to soften the landing and they had
to face entrenched Germans in the cliff. Troops were dropped in France hours
before to try and surround the front lines. Some troops had left due to stormy
weather and the allies had air and naval superiority and the Axis leaders
thought that we were going to invade further north then in actuality.
Montgomery was the British General and Patton was the American General,
Eisenhower was the supreme ruler. We sent a lot of information out so that the
major attack would come at a point closer to UK. Dragoon was the operation that
invaded southern France. The eventually liberated Paris and it ended Operation
Overlord. Operation Market-Garden failed due to not enough supplies and it was
a lot of airdrops that were into German heavily fortified areas.
Atomic bombing- Under
the Manhattan Project we developed a nuclear bomb and the president once
informed of this bomb decided to use it in order to save American lives. This
would be accomplished by forcing the Japanese to surrender under the bomb and
not having to invade the Japanese mainland. They were both dropped and each devastated
a city, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This caused the Japanese to surrender and ended
the war in the Pacific.
Africa/European Front-
African Front-
Rommel was the main German General
Guy, Desert Fox. Montgomery was the French General Guy. Patton was the US
General Guy. Patton was the leader of the tank division and fought in the first
tank battle. He helped develop the pivoting tank turret. The Germans were left
to cover a 100 mile tract between Allied forces and a blockade. We had a huge
advantage and eventually they surrendered. The tanks really helped the Allies
because they could get all over the desert and were heavily armored so they tore
through German lines and blockades. Planes could bomb accurately since there is
no cover in the desert.
Italian Front-
Malta was called the
unsinkable aircraft carrier because that’s how they used it. Allies were able
to take it later in the war. British Somaliland was taken over by Italy right
away but the British retook it quickly.
Europe-
Basically
France was taken over quickly and Germany was taking over countries left and
right. We invaded France on D-Day and slowly pushed the Axis back to Berlin
where we met the Soviet’s advance from the other side.
Pacific Front-
In the Pacific we were attacked
at Pearl Harbor so we started the Island Hopping campaign toward the Japanese
Mainland. Coral Sea and Midway was the turning point and then we slowly began
pushing them back gaining key islands until we got to Japan but didn’t invade
because the atomic bombs were dropped and Japan surrendered.
Effects- Nuclear
arms race, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, Us rebuilt Japan, Germany and Berlin
split into sectors, start of the Cold War, Communism was spreading around
Europe and Asia.
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3. Students will understand how/why the
Allies won WWII.
Germany and China bit off more
than they could handle, we made a lot of stuff and helped before the war, and
we also had greater technology.
--America helped the other countries
through supplies, there was no war on American soil, made a ton of stuff.
--Great Britain was separate from
Europe but the constant bombings just made them extremely mad and they kept
going.
--The Soviet Union just was huge
and they just kept backing up until the winter stopped Germany.
--Germany made a lot of mistakes,
ie turning on the Soviet Union. If he hadn’t pushed out the Jews he would have
had the Jewish scientists that made the atomic bombs. They didn’t have a lot of
defense.
--Italy just burdened Germany and
Japan got the US into the war which got the greatest power in the world against
them.
--We knew what the enemy was going
to do but they didn’t through Ultra and Magic.
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4. Students will understand the causes,
effects and major events of the Cold War.
a. Define the Cold War and it's causes-
The Cold War was
the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. The Cold War got
its name because it never really had any military type conflicts. After WW2 the
alliance between the Allied Powers broke down. United States is anti-communist
and USSR is communist so we really didn’t like this at all. Germany was split
into four sectors but they couldn’t agree on what to do with these zones. The
USSR was upset over the fact that we were making an atomic bomb and they were
our allies and they didn’t know about it so it showed that we didn’t trust
them. The United States wanted international trade and the Soviets thought that
it would bring other influences into the countries and would weaken their
government. After WW2 there was a lot of competition between the two for the
superior power.
b. Policy of Containment- George Kennan came up with
this in order to contain communism because they wanted to take over the world
with communism.
Domino Effect- When one country would fall to communism it would force its neighbor to become communist until it is all
over the world.
Iron Curtain Speech- Was the speech by Churchill that said there was an imaginary line splitting Europe into two different
zones.
Marshall Plan- Was a plan to rebuild
and create a stronger economic foundation in Western Europe. The United States
would give aid to Western Europe in order for them to maintain democracy and
rebuild Europe. We offered the money to Eastern Europe in order to try and help
them.
Truman Doctrine- It was Truman’s strategy to contain communism. It helped Greece and Turkey by sending them money and
supplies to keep communism out of the countries.
NATO-It was an organization to protect Western Europe. It also promised help in case of an invasion and it
helped cooperation between the countries. The US pledged to help stop the
Soviets from spreading communism. The United States was a big member because we
had the atomic bombs and other technology. NATO today is split into two
commands and has been around for 60 years. Khrushchev pledged to remove
Stalin’s influences from the country and his former acts and tear down
monuments. One of the big accomplishments of this was when he got rid of
Stalin’s Cult of Personality. The Soviets believed that Soviet countries would
be able to get along with capitalistic countries with Peaceful Coexistence.
c. Both Berlin Crises-
Berlin Blockade and Airlift
This was the
first major crisis in the Cold War. The Soviet Union blocked western Allied
Powers from getting supplies into the city. The Allies aimed to allow the
Soviets to provide good and supplies to the city. The Airlift was the plan to
drop supplies into the Allied sector of Berlin in response to the blockade. The
Soviets hoped to force the Allies out of West Berlin.Germany was separated into
zones. The Soviet zone was to produce much of the food supplies for the
country. The Soviets created a communist government in East Germany. Stalin
thought that the US would withdraw soon so he would try and united the rest of
Germany to make it communist. They thought that Berlin shouldn’t be split as it
was in their sector. There was no guarantee that any of the Allied shipments
would make it to Berlin. Berlin was against communism so they were treated
badly by the Soviets and they were happy when the Allies were allowed in. We
got into the city and they wouldn’t listen to our plans so they stopped our
trains to Berlin.General Clay ordered all supplies to then lift all supplies to
the city by air. We had little opposition in the air but they did try and stop
us.
Berlin Wall
After WW2, Germany was divided into four sectors and the Allies joined together to
make two sectors. The West sector of Germany was much better off due to the
Marshall plan and the communists in the east wouldn’t let people have land and
millions went west. The decided to erect a wall in order to separate East and
West Berlin but at first it was makeshift and then it became made of stone.
Some tunnels were dug under the wall, people made lightweight balloons, 5000
people tried to climb the wall and rope was outlawed. Hungary opened its
borders so people were able to come into the country. Checkpoints began to be
opened in the wall in November 10. July 1, 1990 the two sides were reunited.
d. The Red Scare--McCarthyism and HUAC-
The
House Committee on Un-American Activities
It was
established in 1938. It was an investigative committee of the House of Representatives.
Led by Martin Dies Jr. They pressured and interrogated people as trials for
information on suspected communist or to find out who is communist. The
Hollywood Ten were people that were put on a list of people that were suspected
communist. They thought that Hollywood was spreading communism through their
films. The HUAC was designed to find communists however they did go too far
with it.
McCarthy and McCarthyism
-Born in 1908 and grew up on a farm. He
dropped out of school but went back and became an unsuccessful lawyer. He ran
dirty campaigns. He was in the Marines but lied about what he did in the war.
-Americans were scared for communism in the
Red Scare that was taking place directly after WW1. We deported people
suspected of communism or terroristic activities.
-McCarthy
attacked politicians for being communist and he had J. Edgar Hoover who was the
head of the FBI give him the power to do this. He kept a list of suspected
communists. He wanted to get the public attention so that he could gain more
power. People started to attack him but he kept cutting them down and people
were afraid to go against him.Today in class we continued presentation. The
witch hunts and smear tactics in politics became known as McCarthyism. It was
accepted by the people but the political people didn’t like it. He said that
McCarthy had considered killing his main opposition Pearson. McCarthyism is
when someone in politics smears or goes after someone with little or no
evidence. McCarthy removed books that were by communists or about communism. He
made a mistake by going after the Secretary of the Army and Eisenhower was
furious. The army started giving journalists “dirt” on him and the Senate voted
him out. He died of cancer a few years later.
e.
Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs and Missile Crisis-
Castro- Born
in Holguin on August 26 1926 which is the place where Columbus first landed in
Cuba. He joined the Partido Orthodox which called for a Social Reform and for Independence
and total freedom from the US. He formed an underground organization with his
brother Raul and Mario Armas. On the 26th of July 1953 Castro attacked the
Moncade Barracks more then sixty of the 135 militants. 26th of July Movement-
The goal was to overthrow Fugencio Batista. They landed on December 2, 1956
most of the men were captured, killed, or desrepresed. Operation Verano was
launched by Batista to crush Castro and other anti government people.
Bay of Pigs Invasion- was arranged by Dwight D.
Eisenhower on Mar. 15. 1960 to be an amphibious attack. April 4th 1961 Kennedy approved
of this. The Cuban Government knew from there Intelligence Network. Che Guevara
said every Cuban people must become a Guerrilla Army and learn to handle a
firearm. Invasion day took place on Apr. 17, 1961. Five frogmen invade at
midnight. Did not work, complete and utter failure.
Cuban Missile Crisis- Took place in October of 1962
between the Soviet Union and the US. Closet the World has been to a nuclear
war. Cause- America had the ability to reach any part of Russia with our
missiles, but Russia only had the ability to hit Europe with theirs. Jan. 1
1959 Fidel Castro comes to power in Cuba. Dec. 19, 1960- Cuba aligns itself
with Soviet Union.
f. China- Mao Zedong led the communist party into China.
There was a civil war going on but they worked together during the war and then
they went back to fighting. The communists killed off opponents in order to
have less opposition and they had certain things that would label you as
against the communists. Mao built up his government so they took over
everything and many people starved to death. Sheng Ki Sheck was defeated by Mao
and he was forced to flee to Taiwan.
g. Nuclear Arms Race and Reductions- It was a weapons buildup between the Soviet
Union and the United States. We had the bomb first and then the Soviets test
their first in 1949. Massive retaliation is when someone attacks and then we
would retaliate larger and mutual deterrence is when both have the bomb so
neither uses it. Britain gets the bomb in 1952 and we detonate the first
hydrogen bomb. In 1953 Stalin dies and the Korean War is ended. The Soviets
also detonate a hydrogen bomb. 1961 France gets the atomic bomb and we put Thor
missiles in Turkey. October 1962 the Cuban Missile happens and in 1964 China
detonates an atomic bomb. We had a 20 pound nuclear shell that was able to be
fired by artillery. ICBM’s are launched into the atmosphere and then they come
back down in pieces containing many warheads. SLBM’s were ICBM’s that were able
to be fired from nuclear subs.
h. How the Cold War ended.- Gorbachev was the last leader of the UUSR that
brought communism down in the Soviet Union he was willing to bring change. The
Iron curtain was a symbol of the separation of free and communist Europe.
Gorbachev at first wished to strengthen the USSR. The Soviets put a lot of
money into stockpiling weapons which didn’t help their economy. All the money
they had put to weapons had taken away from the rest of the things that needed
to be improved. He allowed people a little more freedom with Glasnost and Perestroika
which gave freedom of speech to the people. The USSR broke into 15 countries
and all the little communist satellites dropped communism.. The Berlin wall separated
Berlin but it also represented the split in East and West Germany and once it
came down it signified communism failing. They never had fought directly.
Truman concentrated on Europe and Marshall’s plan helped save other countries.
We had strong allies and the Soviets didn’t. Nuclear weapons began to be banned
and they started to reduce weapons.
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5. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events
of the Korean Conflict.
After WW2 Korea was split along
the 38th parallel and the North was controlled by Russia and the
South by the United States. MacArthur was the major general to begin the war
and he wanted to invade China so he was fired and replaced by Matthew Ridgeway.
It started on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. Each side
wished to unite the country under their own political system. Early on North
Korea pushed them all the way back and then the United States jumps in and push
them all the way back and then China helps and pushed back and we end up
fighting at the border. Once this happened, MacArthur wished to use the bomb on
China. On July 27 1953 an armistice truce was signed after nuclear threats from
the president. We would have won the conflict easily if we had given China a
heads up to that fact that we weren’t going to invade them but it was a
stalemate.
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6. Students will understand the causes, effects
and major events of the Vietnam Conflict.
The United States
went into Vietnam to stop the spread of communism. North Korea wanted the US
out and to unite the country. Ho chi minh went to France to try and get
independence and then he goes to USSR and is trained in communism. In 1954 they
push the French out with the battle of Dien Bien Fu and we take over the battle
for fear of communism spreading. We give supplies to France starting in 1950’s
and then we started getting more involved in the 60’s. Vietnam was split into
two zones just like Korea and eventually they elected a president and we helped
to assassinate him. At first we just sent military advisors to assist the
South. The Vietcong in South Vietnam used women and children to do sabotage. We
kept sending troops till 68. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave the US
authorization to attack Vietnam after US ships were attacked. The Vietnamese
launched the Tet Offensive which attacked every city in South Vietnam which
helped us by having them come out into the open. William Westmoreland was the
major general in Vietnam. We had to fight a defensive war because we couldn’t
invade North Vietnam because China and the Soviet Union may have stepped in. Nixon
tried to get us out of the war by making the Vietnamese take over and we pulled
out. The fighting ended but ten years later the North took over the South.
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