1. Students will understand the impact the Industrial Revolution had on the United States.
Edwin Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil. This started the oil boom. Oil drilling became common and was used to power automobiles. Iron and coal were very abundant. Steal was made from iron. Steel was used for railroads, barbed wire, Deere farm equipment, and the Brooklyn Bridge. Edison made the light bulb and figured out how to produce and distribute electrial power. Electricity was used in homes, machines, and street cars. The typewriter and the telephone were 2 more inventions.
Railroads were growing. RR brought dreams of new land, adventure, and a fresh start. 24 time zones were made. RR connected cities and promoted trade. RR started taking advantage of farmers and charged more for short hauls and less for long hauls considering there was no competition for short hauls. Granger Laws came about stating that they could set maximum rates for RR use. ICC stated that the federal government could supervise the RR activities.
Social Darwinism was a biological evolution theory and then lead to a social evolution theory. Monopolies became common. United States Steel became the biggest business in the world. John D Rockefeller had the Standard Oil Company. He used trusts to gain control of many oil industries in the United States. He paid his workers very poorly and made a ton of money. Sherman Anti-Trust Act started and meant you couldnt have trusts. North boomed but South continued to suffer from the Civil War. Since there were bad working conditions and low wages, the National Labor Union fought for 8 hr work days and equal pay for men and women. Strikes started and fought for better conditions and pay. They got violent. Some strikes were the Haymarket Affair and the Homestead Act.
2. Students will understand the impact immigration and urbanization had on the United States.
.Immigrants came to our land seeking better life and escaping famine, land shortages, and religious or political prosecution. Others came to make money and then return to their homelands. Between 1870 and 1920 about 20 million Europeans came to the United States. Most came to escape religious persecution, lack of land, and lack of jobs. Between 1851 and 1883, 300,000 Chinese came to the US to get their share of fortune from the Gold Rush. Many worked on RR. By 1920, 200,000 Japanese people had moved to the US after Hawaii was annexed. Between 1880 and 1920 260,000 immigrants came to the US from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico and other islands seeking jobs. 700,000 Mexicans also came to America. Most immigrants traveled by steamship. The ships were very crowded and people died from disease. Laws were made against immigration. Anti-Asian Sentiment, Chinese Exclusion Act, and Gentlemens Agreement were all laws against immigration.
..Immigrants usually settled in cities bcuz it was cheap and unskilled jobs were offered. The Americanization Movement was made to teach immigrants to read and use social etiquette. Neighborhoods became very crowded. Farming machines were invented which made work on farms faster and more efficient but cut the number of employees needed so those cut moved to cities for other jobs. Blacks moved to cities to escape racism but still found it in Chicago and Detroit. Jobs between white and blacks were given to whites. This caused racial tension. Housing became a problem as cities got overcrowded. Tenements were housing units made for one family where 2 or 3 immigrant families would live. They were very unsanitary. Street cars and electric subways were used for mass transportation. The cities had a problem keeping water safe for drinking. The cities were very unsanitary. Crime and fire rates rose. Settlement houses were created for people with nowhere to go and they provided educational, cultural and social services.
..Political Machines were set up to guide the activities of political parties and provided political and financial services. Political Bosses controlled urban problems. Boss Tweed was the boss of NY's powerful Democratic political machine. He led the Tweed ring. Patronage was a rising problem. This was where government jobs were given to people who had helped to elect a candidate. The Pendleten Service Act was put into place to test the workers to see if they were skilled enough for the job.
3. Students will understand the impact of the Progressive Era on the United States.
.The progressive movement was when the reformers tried to get the role of the government returned to the people, restore economic oppurtunities, and correct injustices in American life. Some reformers worked to protect social welfare by starting the YMCA, the salvation army had soup kitchens for the poor, and Florence Kelley helped win the passing of the Illinois Factory Act which prohibited child labor and limited womens working hours. Other reformers fought for promoting moral improvement. These people thought that by people improving their personal behavior, the lives of poor people and immigrants would be better. Prohibition of alcohol was one program started to help this along. They thought alcohol was a reason for some Americans low morals. They also fought for womens voting right. Other reformers worked for creating economic reform. This was where there was an economic panic and a socialist party was created. Progressives were getting mad bcuz big businesses were favored by the gov't. Muckrakers started writing about the corrupt businesses. Fostering efficiency was the last thing reformers worked toward. Scientific management was used to see how fast a task could be done. Assembly lines were made and Henry Ford increased pay and decreased work hours to keep employees and prevent strikes. The local gov't was reformed cuz of natural distasters so experts were appointed. There was a mayor reform where citizens were asked to play a bigger role in the gov't. States reformed there governments by taxing RR the same as everyone else and get big businesses out of politics. People worked to protect child workers. They effectively stopped child labor and set working hour rates. The working hours for women were 8 and 10 for men in most states. Aid was offered to families of ppl killed or hurt on the job. Elections were reformed using initiative, referendum, and recall.
..Women were given mens jobs like plowing and other farm chores along with cooking and cleaning and other household tasks. Lots of women worked in manufacturing. Men were paid a lot more. Lots of women worked and when blacks were released from slavery they were forced to get jobs because of the poverty. Lots of women went to college. Women fought for voting and other rights. They didnt get voting rights for another 40 or so years.
..Roosevelt was president. He was born into a rich family and he used his personality to get voted in. He saw presidency as a "bully pulpit" and wanted everyone to have a 'square deal' or even rights. He was known as a trustbuster. He settled the 1902 Coal Strike. TR regulated RR by passing the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act. He passed the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drugs Act after reading 'The Jungle.' He set aside 45 million acres of timberland for a natural forest reserve to conserve natural resources. He did a lot of conservation. He didnt do much for blacks.
..Taft struggled in the beginning of his presiency. He di bust 90 trusts though. He made people really angry and people didnt really like him as president. Republicans split between Roosevelt and Taft. The Bull Moose party was created, supporting Roosevelt. Wilson got all the Democrat votes and ended up winning.
..The Clayton Antitrust Act was passed under Wilson which strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act. It legalized strikes. The federal trade commision happened and meant that there would be an end to unfair business practices. He passed the underwood act which lowered tariffs. Federal income tax started. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was passed. It split the country into 12 sections. Each section got a federal reserve bank that could issue currency to banks that got in emergency situation and lost money. Women continued to fight for suffrage. Finally in 1919 the Nineteenth Amendment was passed granting women the right to vote. Wilson promised blacks and white liberals that he would fight against lynching and treat blacks equally. He ended up not doing much for blacks and they got really angry with him for lying.
4. Students will understand the impact imperialism had on the United States and world.
Imperialism is the policy in which stronger countries extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. We bought Alaska ffom Russia for 7.2 million dollars. People didn't like the fact that we bought a big chunk of ice but it turned out to be one of the best purchases in history. Seward bought it. It was rich in timber, minerals, and especially oil. We took over midway islands in the Pacific ocean and then annexed hawaii. We built a US naval base at Pearl Harbor. Hawaii didnt like being annexed but also didnt fight it.
..US was interested in Cuba. Cuba was controlled by Spain. The Cubans rebelled against Spain and didnt get independence but did get slavery abolished. The US invested millions of dollars on their sugar cane plantations. Cubans went for a second war against Spain trying to get there indepence. jose Marti, a Cuban, got American land destroyed making it look like Americans did it. He was hoping to get US to fight Spain to help Cuba win independence. Yellow Journalism was a big cause of the war. The De Lome Letter was published in a newspaper. It was the Spanish minister criticizing Mckinley, our president. The sinking of the Maine was the main cause of us goin to war with Spain. First was the battle of the phillipines where every spanish ship there was destroyed. The Filipinos were on our side and also seeked independence. They joined forces with us and we atttacked Spanish troops in the Philipines capital, Manila. Spain surrendered to us. The Treaty of Paris ended the war and Spain sold the Philipines to the US for 20 million dollars. They freed Cuba and turned over Guam and Cuba.
..Puerto Rico was controlled by our military to protect them and their land. In 1900 we set up the Foraker Act which took out our military control in Puerto Rico and set up civil government. We did not make them US citizens. Cuba got there independence and we passed the Teller Amendment which stated that we didnt have any intention to take over Cuba. American soldiers stayed in Cuba for a while and provided food, clothing, help cultivating land, and schools. They also improved there medical programs, eliminating the yellow fever, a killer of many Cubans in the years previous. We made the Platt Amendment that stated that Cuba could not make treaties that could limit their independence or let any foreign power take any of their territory,the US reserved the right to intervene in cuba, cuba couldnt go into debt, and they had to let us buy or lease land from them for naval bases and refueling stations. A reason for the platt amendment was to protect our American businesses in cuba. The Filipinos were mad that they didnt get independence so that led to the Philiipin-American war. We sent troops over there and treated them how Spain had treated the Cubans. After the war, we set up a gov't for them like we had done for Cuba. The philipines finally got there independence in 1946. We created the open door policy. this was where all countries traded equally with China. We did this for fear of falling out of the trade circle. Boxer Rebellion occured. This was whe Europeans dominated Chinas largest cities so this group of boxers killed missionaries and foreigners. Troops from Britain, France, germany, Japan and the US went in and took down the Boxers
..The Panama Canal was built. It was a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The French tried to build it first. They startd and failed because of too many deaths. We bought if for 40 million dollars. We had to pay Panama 10 million dollars and 250,000 dollars annually.It opened it 1914. A series of locks and gates raising and lowering the ships is how it works. Under Taft, the Dollar Diplomacy came about. this was when the gov't guaranteed loans made to foreign countries by american business people. Mexican revolution was when mexican peasants overthrew their ruler, Diaz and Madero came to power. next, huerta took over and madero was murdered. Mexicans took some of our sailors so we invaded them cuz we wer looking for an excuse to get rid of huerta. We got close to war with Mexico but Argentina, Brazil, and chile stepped in and solved it. Huerta was taken out of ruling, and Carranza became the new leader.Villa and Zapata didnt like him and were rebelling against the US. We sent 15,000 troops to go find Villa. Carranze wanted our troops out of Mexico but we said no. Nearing war with Mexico, both the US and mexico backed down to avoid war.
5. Students will understand the causes for US involvement in World War I and the effects it had on the United States.
-Roaring 20's-entertainment--radios
-the KKK--anti black, anti immigrant, anti communist and radical.
-Red Scare--It was the period of time after WWI where US was fearful of communists, radicals, and socialists. We were scared that we would become a communist country. 2 germans came up with theory of communism. It was where poor ppl rise up and overthrow leaders of a country and eveyone becomes equal. Common ppl liked that theory. The Palmer raids happened. It was when Palmer and other gov't agents went out and tried getting rid of radicals communists and socialists and then would deport them.
-Republican Domination--presidents of the 20s were harding coolidge and hoover
-War Prevention--Washington Naval Conference- 4 Power Treaty: US, GB, France, Japan. respect each others possessions. 5 Power Treaty: 4 Power plus Italy. Freeze navies at 1921 levels. 9 Power Treaty: keep "open door" in China. Promise Chinese independence.
-Automobile/Airplane--Route 66 "the mother road" took people from east to west easily. Henry Ford invented the car. Model T was most popular.
-Prohibition--18th amendment(1920-1933): outlawed alcohol. alcohol allowed for medicine and communion at church. prescriptions and sacramental wine orders skyrocketed. Volstead Act created Prohibition Bureau to enforce the law. Prohibition failed because people despised it, Prohibition Bureau was underfunded, and organized crime became commonplace
-Rural vs. Urban: more than 2 million people moved from farms to the cities each year. Rural areas tried to hold on to moral values
-laissez fairre-let alone or hands off-gov't should stay out of business.
-do nothing era. --if everyone sits back and does nothing,, then our problems will be solved.
the trickle down theory also was used- give tax cuts to rich so they give increase in wages and provide for more businesses so eventually it'll help the lower class people.
4 power treaty- each country would respect each other possessions in the pacific
(us, great britian, france, japan) made the sea a safer place
5 power treaty
- all of above plus italy
-freeze navies at 1921 levels (worked but countries found loop holes around the laws)
9 power treaty-
- all above plus netherlands, portugal, belgium, and china
- keep open door in china ( no one dominates trade with china)
-promise chinese independence
Kellog-briand pact
60 some countries signed to outlaw war
4 years later japan broke it by attacking china
With the production of automobiles getting crazy popular their became a need for roads which gave way to the first transcontinental highway, Route 66. Airplanes also improved greatly, they became vital to mail carrying and transporting small groups of people. Pilots were famous during this time charles lindenburgh "lucky lindy" is an example of this.
Prohibition "the nobal experiment" was started and continued by woman during the progressives
it banned the making, selling and transportation of alcohol. (18th ammendment) This was all for a good cause but making it illegal only made things worse. Bootlegging became more and more popular and the selling of alcohol was forced to go underground which made it involved with mafias and organized crime. Crime got a lot worse and uncontrolable. Cops were being able to be bought out and people found ways to break the law and not get caught. Speak-easies were bars and clubs that served alcohol without the police or most people knowning, very secretive. Not only did people feel like they were having their rights taken away but they also felt like they were having their culture taken away. Germans who grew up around alcohol felt like they were being forced to drop their traditions.
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