1. What positive and negative impact did the 1920's have on the United States?(20 points)-Ch. 12-13
Positive: Women’s rights
Women’s rights and freedoms
19th amendment- Women got the right vote-1920
Women went to college more and started to work more
Women's typical jobs
Cleaning
Teaching
Nursing
Model T was made for the average people
First Highway
Chicago to L.A.
Stock Market Crash-causes
Causes 1929
stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value-watered stock prices
Federal Reserve increased interest rates
Lack of government regulation
banks would take your money and invest it in the stock market
rich people would get together, buy cheap stock, pay people to write stories about it, rich people start selling it to everyone else
SCC regulates it
The great depression
2. Understand the causes of the stock market crash and Great Depression.
Stock Market:
Causes 1929
stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value-watered stock prices
"Buying on margin"
led to people being in debt and watered stock prices
overproduction of goods and under consumption of consumers
kept pumping out goods
late 20's, people were in debt, didn't buy
companies profits were going down
stock prices were going up
uneven distribution of wealth
only small percent of rich people
can only help the economy so much
other 99% help
not enough people buying things
too much borrowing from banks
banks loaned money left and right to people
not very secure with their loans
didn't do credit background checks
don't know if they will pay it back or not
people are in debt
Great Depression
Overproduction of goods
Companies were pumping out lots of goods and not selling it
Companies were not making money so they had to fire people and possibly shut down the company
Under-consumption of foods by consumers
People decided they were going to save their money and stop buying
Led to low profits in businesses
Businesses had to let people go
High protective tariff policies of the 1920's
High taxes on imported goods so people would buy American goods
People weren't buying because they wanted to save money so the tariff on Foreign goods didn't matter
Because of the high tariff we couldn't sell to foreign countries because they had high tariffs on our goods
Companies weren't making money overseas or here
Stock Market Crash
People lost money/everything
Banks lost money which caused more people to lose money
Businesses failed which caused people to lose jobs
3. Understand the impact the stock market crash and Great Depression had on the country and world as well as on the lives of people in the United States.
Great Depression
Hoovervilles
shacks built for people to live in because they couldn't afford homes
banks took over because everyone was poor
Unemployment rate was 25% (it skyrocketed)
Soup kitchens- Free food for the unemployed
Hobos hopping freight trains riding from town to town looking for jobs
People tried to make money by selling apples on the street corner
Okies
left the dust bowl states
went to California to find different jobs
People gave up their farms and moved West
Hoover Struggles with Great Depression
Stock Market
Stock Market Crash
People lost money/everything
Banks lost money which caused more people to lose money
Businesses failed which caused people to lose jobs
4. Understand what the United States government did to help alleviate the problems the Great Depression brought to our country.
Roosevelt
The Three R’s
Relief, Reform, and Recovery
Relief for the needy
Economic recovery
Financial reform
Roosevelt's plan to get us out of the Great Depression
Hoover
Hoover's fight against the Great Depression
Encouraged people to be patient, stay positive and volunteer to help each other
Federal Farm Board
Stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products
Norris- La Guardia Act
Strengthened labor unions
Hoover Moratorium
One year halt on German war payments to France
One year halt on war payments from Great Britain and France to the U.S.
Mexican Repatriation
Mexican immigrants were encouraged/forced to go back to Mexico
5. Understand the causes, effects and major events of WWII.
Treaty of Versailles
Peace treaty at the end of WWI
4, 5, 9 power pacts
4- They would respect each other’s possessions in the Pacific
5- Designed to prevent an arm’s race
9- Guaranteed Chinese Independence and upheld the Open Door Policy
D-Day
Allies had liberated North Africa and pressed into Italy
Allies fought Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France
Germany ended up surrendering
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Japanese fighter planes attack the naval base in Hawaii
Japan attacked the U.S. to keep them out of the war
Wanted to hit US hard
Their plan backfired and they awoke a sleeping giant
Holocaust
Genocide of approximately six million European Jews during WWII
Systematic state-sponsored extermination of Jews
Hitler's goal was to kill all nine million Jews but he ran out of time
The US stopped him by winning the war
Hitler went after:
Jews
Gypsies
Mentally/physically handicapped people
Soviet Slaves
Communists/Socialist
Nazi’s set up there first concentration camp in 1933
Jewish students were banned from high schools and colleges
Jews were required to wear armbands or yellow stars
Jews were forced into gas chambers killing hundreds of them at once
In 1945 Hitler was defeated and WWII ended in Europe
6. Understand the causes, effects, goals, and major events of the Cold War.
GOALS
Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression
Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa
Stop the spread of communism
Policy of Containment
Wanted to create greater security for itself
Lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s purges
Feared a strong Germany
Establish defensible borders
-Berlin Blockade/Airlift
June 1948-May 1949
Division of Germany and Berlin
In 1948, 3 western controlled zones of Germany were united, and grew in prosperity due to the Marshal Plan
The West wanted the East to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security
In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector
Stalin cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin
Airplanes dropping supplies 24/7
Stalin started blockading the city
-Red Scare/McCarthyism
Red Scare Causes:
Julius Ethel Rosenberg Trial
Found guilty of spying for the Soviets-executed in 1953
The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe- 1945
The USSR detonating their atomic bomb- 1949
China becoming communist in 1949
The Korean War starting in 1950- Domino Effect
Stalin's actions in Germany- Berlin Blockade
McCarthy and McCarthyism
Senator in Wisconsin
Became one of the most popular men in America
Stop the spread of communism in our country by going after communists
Make himself popular and then try to run for president
Never ran for president
People realized what he was doing
Republican
McCarthy's downfall finally began in October 1953, when he started to investigate "communist infiltration into the military"
In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges
McCarthyism
The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence
-Bay of Pigs
A bay located in Cuba
Concerned to have a Soviet Ally that close
Wanted to take over the country
Bay of Pigs invasion
US wanted to take out Castro
President Kennedy didn't want it to look like the US was doing this- thought it would look bad
Kennedy wanted to train Cubans down in Mexico
Wanted to make it look like the Cubans were doing it by themselves
Kennedy promised the anti-Castro Cubans air support
Results
Not successful in taken down Castro
Known as "Bay of Pigs fiasco"
Everything went wrong
Did not provide the Cubans air cover that Kennedy promised
Fidel Castro found out about the invasion so they stop it
Every Cuban was either killed or captured
Traded baby food to get the Cubans back
-Cuban Missile Crisis
October, 1962
Soviet Union decided to send nuclear missiles to Cuba
This caused us to go to a thirteen day crisis
Closest we have ever been to a nuclear war
Found out they were stocking missiles
Huge concern for the U.S.
Couldn't allow the Soviet Union to have nuclear missiles in Cuba
Kennedy didn't want to invade because he figured WWIII would happen
Kennedy starts a blockade around Cuba but doesn't call it a blockade because that is an act of war (Called it a quarantine)
At the last minute the Soviet Union turned around and went back
The compromise
The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba
The US would promise never to invade Cuba
The US would secretly remove our nuclear missiles from Turkey within six months
-Berlin Wall
Built to keep people in
There was a fence/small wall there before this wall was built
People from East Berlin were fleeing to West Berlin
By building this wall they kind of 'admitted' they were lost
People from East Berlin who got to West Berlin were free
Once this wall was built the only way you could legally cross was by going through Brandenburg Gate or Checkpoint Charlie
Later a second wall was built further into East Berlin
The area between the two walls was known as "the death strip"
-The end of the Cold War
Why did the US win the Cold War?Why did the USSR lose the Cold War?
1. We had close ties with our allies and the USSR didn't
2. China started siding with us after 1972
3. The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas the US's was flourishing
Huge deficit
High inflation
Corruption
Social Problems
Shortage of basic needs (food, housing)
Gorbachev's willingness for change and reform
b. admitted Soviet mistakes
c. took blame for the Cold War
e. allowed Eastern Europe to do what they wanted
Soviet Mistakes
Invasion of afghanistan
Ignoring social concerns
Spent everything on military
Post-Cold War
In the 1990's the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place
We didn't have any major threat to worry about
President Clinton closed down numerous military bases around the country reducing the size of the US military
9-11 caught the US off guard
7. Understand the causes, effects, and major events of the Korean Conflict .
-Korean War
The forgotten war
Lasted three years
Summarization
US pulls out
This encourage North Korea to be aggressive
North and South Korea leaders wanted to reunite Korea
Kim manipulated Mao and Stalin into supporting their invasion of South Korea
North invaded the South
Pushed South down into Pusan
United Nations voted to send troops to help South Korea
United Nations invasion kept pushing North
Douglas MacArthur started talking about invading China
China invades and pushes us back, then we respond and push them back
DMZ- demilitarized zone which is still defended today by North Korean troops on one side and South Korean and American troops on the other side
8. Understand the causes, effects, and major events of the Vietnam Conflict.
The French Connection
French gained control of Indochina in a series of colonial wars
Vietnam was under Japanese control during WWII
After Japanese surrender, the French fought to retain control of their former colony against the Viet Minh independence movement
After Viet Minh defeated the French colonial army at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the French withdrew, and the colony was granted independence
Geneva Conference
Vietnam was partitioned temporarily into a Northern and Southern zone of Vietnam at the 17th parallel
The North was to be ruled by Ho Chi Minh, while the South would be under the control of Emperor Bao Dai
In 1955, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem became President of a new South Vietnamese republic
The Geneva Conference set up elections to unify the country by July, 1956
Such elections were never held because neither side wanted to lose
Escalation 1957-1975
Under escalating, U.S. involvement increased over a period of years
It started with deployment of non-combatant military advisors to the South Vietnamese army
Then Started using special forces (Green Berets) for commando-style operations
Use of regular troops whose purpose was to be defensive only
Use of regular troops in offensive combat
Once U.S. troops were in active combat, escalation shifted to the adding of more U.S. troops
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Several U.S. ships were supposedly attacked by north Vietnamese torpedoes in the Gulf of Tonkin
Was the congresses resolution telling Johnson to do what he needs to do- only 2 people in the congress voted against it
The Tet Offensive
President Johnson and General William Westmoreland kept saying we need more troops
Our enemy attacked every city in the South with a massive offensive push to take over these cities
American didn’t believe that this happened- though U.S. government was lying to them
One of the biggest military victories in our military history
Anti-War Protest
Why were so many people against the war
1. Tet Offensive- Americans started to not believe our military/government
2. Pentagon Papers- Leak that someone in the military sent to the New York Times misleading the public about what was going on
3. Injuring/killing innocent people (My Lai Massacre) - U.S. Soldiers killed 504 Vietnamese civilians, women were raped and bodies were mutilated
Supporting a bad government in South- They may not be a good government but they weren’t communists so we supported them
The Power of the press- Press was over there printing all the stories
How did people get out of serving
Went to Canada or Sweden
Went to College
Got married
Medically unfit for service
Joined the National Guard or Peace Corps
Claim to be homosecual
Being Rich
Vietnamization and De-escalation
Nixon called for the “vietnamization” of the war
Gradually pull U.S. troops out and let the Vietnamese fight their war
De-escalting our involvement
On January 15, 1973, President Nixon announced the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam
Paris Peace Accords
Signed in 1973
Officially ended U.S. involvement in the Vietnam Conflict
1. Fighting stopped
2. U.S. would pull out of Vietnam
3. North and South Vietnam would recognize each other’s independence
2 years after we left Paris Peace Accords fell apart and the North invaded the South taking over and making it communists
9. Understand the causes and effects of major events from the 50’s, 60’s, 70’s, 80’s, 90’s, 2000’s, and today.
1950’s
Election of 1952
Eisenhower - Republican**
Won because he was the “hero” from WWII
Stevenson- Democrat
Election of 1956
Eisenhower - Republican
Won because people liked him from his first time
Stevenson - Democrat
Brown vs. Board of Education
Case about segregation in school
Made it so they couldn’t segregate schools
Did not make schools who were already segregated be reversed to non-segregation
Took about 20 years
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Multiple protests against racial segregation on transportation systems in Montgomery, Alabama
This event led up to the Brown vs Board of Education case
Rosa Parks
Called the “First Lady of Civil Rights”
Would not give her seat up to a white passenger on the bus
Fought to end segregation
Government Scandals
Senator Nixon’s Checker's Speech
Accusation of illegal gifts
Checker’s was a family pet
Said he was not giving it back because it was a gift
Said that none of the money he got was not used wrongly
1990's
Major events
Gulf War
A military response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait
US sent troops to Saudi Arabia
3 months later the war was over
We've had troops stationed in the middle east ever since
Tonya Harding Scandal
Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan took a break during training at the '94 winter olympics
The previous month, Kerrigan's knee was smashed with an iron bar by a "hitman" hired by Harding's then-husband and bodyguard
Genocide in Rwanda
During approx. 100 days in 1994, nearly 800,000 Tutsi Rwandans were killed by the Hutu
Many people shamed the United States for saying we could have done more to help this cause
OJ Simpson Trial
O.J. Simpson was tried guilty of the charges of murdering his ex-wife Nicole Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman
He was ordered to pay $33 million in punitive damages
Simpson is currently serving a prison sentence for armed robbery
Oklahoma City bombings
Timothy McVeigh was convisted of bombing the Oklahoma City Federal Building
Timothy was a U.S. veteran of the first Gulf War
The Unabomber
Later named as Theodore Kaczynski
He was arrested in a Montana Cabin after the FBI agents received a tip from his brother
World Trade Center Bombing
A truck bomb was detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade Center
Six people were killed
Columbine Shooting
Two teens went on a shooting spree at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado
They killed 13 people and wounded more than 20 others before killing themselves
Presidential Elections
1992
Bill Clinton vs. George Bush
Bill Clinton Won
1996
Bill Clinton vs. Bob Dole
Bill Clinton Won
Government Scandals
Monica Lewinsky
President Bill Clinton was accused of fostering an affair with White House intern, Monica Lewinsky
He denied it
But later he admitted to having the affair
Marion Barry
Mayor of Washington D.C.
He was arrested for the possession of cocaine while in office
He remained governor during the trials
After his trial he ran for mayor and won
Whitewater
The Clintons and their associates built homes and aimed them at seasoned citizens
They cheated the seniors out of their down payments
If buyers missed one mortgage payment, they repossessed it and resold it
The Clintons continuously flipped these properties because they sold them to buyers whom they suspected wouldn't be able to afford it
1980's
Presidential Elections
1980
Ronald Reagan vs. Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan Won
1984
Ronald Reagan vs. Walter Mondale
Ronald Reagan won again
1988
George Bush vs. Michael Dukakis
George Bush won
Major Pushes
Immigration Reform and Control Act- Allowed some undocumented immigrants to be legal (for work purposes)
Supreme Court rules that states do not have the right to outlaw homosexual acts between consenting adults
Supreme court ruled Plyer Vs. Doe that children of illegal immigrants have a right to free public schooling
Reagan attempted Assassination- 1981
John Hinckley Jr.
.22 revolver
Challenger Explosion- 1986
7 crew members died
Many malfunctions
DNA
First used to convict criminals
Tom Lee Andrews
Convicted of rape
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