-Germany
-Major events that impacted their country between WWI and WWII.
Treaty of Versailles was signed
Beer Hall Punch
- November 8-9, 1923.
- Adolf Hitler and Nazi Party.
- Attempt to create a new government based on race.
- This failed and Hitler sent to jail for year for treason.
Reichstag Fire
- February 27, 1933.
- The German parliament building burned down due to arson.
- Government falsely portrayed the fire as part of a Communist effort to overthrow the state.
- Little boy was accused.
Nuremberg Laws
- November 14, 1925.
- The Nazi's announced new laws which institutionalized many of the racial theories prevalent in Nazi ideology.
Munich Conference
- September 17, 1938
- Signers-
- Adolf Hitler
- Benito Mussolini
- French Premier- Edouard Daladier
- British Prime Minister- Neville Chamberlain
- It gave Germany Czechoslovakia in the name of "peace.'
- First major thing that happened to the Jews.
- Strip away their citizenship.
Sudetenland Appeasement
- September 29, 1938
- France and Britain agree to give Hitler the Sudetenland
- German troops march into Sudetenland
- Are welcomed as heroes
Reichspogromnacht
- November 8, 1938
- A massive, coordinated attack on Jews throughout the German Reich.
- Killed lots of Jews
- Tore families apart
-Discuss basic facts: alliance, total casualties, total cost, war goals, etc
- Alliances:
- Italy
- Japan
- Hungary
- Romania
- Bulgaria
- Austria
- Total Cost: $272 billion in 1945
- Total Deaths
- 8 million
- 9 million Jews
- War Goals:
- Forcible acquisition of living space
- Desired final reckoning of Jews (Saw them as the reason for Germany losing)
- Totally destroy potential military threats to Germany and leave them as weakened nations (focused on France)
-Tell us about their leader(s) during WWII:
Adolf Hitler
- Born in Austria April 20, 1889.
- Interested in fine arts
- Dropped out of school to work as a watercolor painter and casual laborer
- Rejected by Academy of Arts two times
- Was not able to pay rent so he lived in homeless shelter
- Served in German Army in World War One
- After World War One he returned to Munich
- Continued working for military
- His beer hall speeches made him gain many followers
- He wrote "Mein Kmpf" which means my struggle
- He ran for president in 1932 and lost
- He became the German chancellor in 1933
- Used position of chancellor to become dictator
- July 14, 1933 Nazi Party was legal.
- 1938 he signed the Munich Agreement.
- Hitler realized that Germany would lose the war, so he committed suicide on April 30, 1945
-Discuss the impact of their Homefront and propaganda and what it was like in their country during the war
- Adults
- Tried to flee
- Men fought in war
- Women stayed at home
- Less food
- Children
- Older kids/teens had to help anti-aircraft assistants
- 16 & 17 year olds do services of soldiers
- Young kids were in air raid basements
- Hitler Youth
- Logical Extension of Hitler's Belief
- Boys
- 10 year old joined Deutsches, Jungvolk
- Marched
- Grenade throwing
- Pistol shooting
- Girls
- 10 years old
- Had to be able to run 60 meters in 14 seconds
- Throw ball 12 meters
- 2 hour match
- Swim 100 meters
- Make a bed
- Teenager Diary
- Heard sirens
- Minutes felt like hours
- Lost time feeling
- Wanted to get out of basement
- Holocaust
- 1939
- Shoes were restricted
- Could buy food and other supplies in certain stores
- Jewish household often faced shortages of basic essential needs
- Decree from Jews using public transportation
- Lived in designated areas
-Discuss major battle strategies
- Military tactic
- Created disorganization among enemy forces
- First Blitzkrieg they tried out was against Poland in 1939
- German Soviet Pact
- The two foreign minister negotiated the agreement had two parts
- Exchange manufactured goods
-Discuss major battles that the country was involved in
- Battle of Poland
- In Poland
- September 1st- October 6, 1939
- Germany Soviet Victory
- Start of World War Two
- Battle of Berlin
- In Berlin
- Soviets won Germany lost
- Resulted in suicide of Adolf Hitler
- Battle of France
- In France
- May 10- June 25, 1940
-Discuss other people/generals from their country in WWII that had a major impact on the war
Heinrich Himmler
- Head of Nazi police force
- Interior Minister
- Worst person of Germany besides Hitler
- Commander of Waffen SS and Home Army
- Helped with the 1st concentration camp
Joseph Goebbels
- Minister of propaganda
- Influence
- Becomes chancellor
- Ten Commandments of Jews
Josef Mengele
- "Angel of Death"
- Chief Doctor
- Experiments
- Twins
- Test on a twin till one or both died
- If one died they killed off the other
- Captain of Waffen
-Discuss why they won or lost the war
- Lost
- Poor intelligence
- 6 years 1 day
-Discuss the impact WWII had on the country
- Holocaust
- Many people died
- In debt
- Stricter rules
-Japan
Discuss the following:
-Major events that impacted their country between WWI and WWII.
- Early 20's
- Joins League of Nations
- Leaves because they feel left out
- Signs 4, 5, 9 power pacts
- Mid/Late 20's
- Britain ends their alliance with Japan
- Becomes very nationalist during world depression
- Wants to reject "Western" influence
- Early 30's
- Invade Manchuria in China
- Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi is assassinated
- Mid/Late 30's
- Sign alliance with Nazi Germany
- Goes to war with China
- Captures Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing
- 300,000 killed in the "Rape of Nanjing"
-Discuss basic facts: alliance, total casualties, total cost, war goals, etc
- Axis power along with Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
- 2,120,000 military deaths
- 2,600,000- 3,100,000 total military and civilian deaths
- Over 200,000 deaths in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
- $56 billion.
- Main war goals
- Gain raw materials, space, and respect.
- Goal of Pearl Harbor Attack
- Was to cause enough devastation that the U.S gave up.
-Tell us about their leader(s) during WWII
Hirohito-
- Born in 1901.
- Tokyo, Japan.
- Crowned to be emperor in 1918.
- Traveled to study abroad in Europe.
- Married in 1924-Princess Nagako
- Revolting military.
- Second Sino- Japanese.
- Surrendered to allied forces
- Atomic bombs at Hiroshima.
- 2.3 million soldiers
- 800,000 civilians.
- 1989 he died due to cancer.
Hideki Tojo-
- Born in Tokyo 1884.
- Tokyo, Japan
- MIlitary School 1899.
- Father in Sino-Japanese War.
- 1915 graduated from an army war college.
- Study in Europe.
- Instructor in military science.
- 1936- Lieutenant general.
- Kwantung army in Manchuria.
- 1938- Vice minister of war.
- War against China and Soviet Union.
- 1944- "Most critical situation in the history of the Empire.
- " Bombing at Hiroshima.
- 1945- Sugamo prison.
- Took responsibility.
- Sentenced to death.
- Sentenced in 1948.
-Discuss Major Battle Strategies.
- Invasion of China.
- 1937.
- Over 300,000 victims of rape, murder, and looting.
- Burning over 200,000 civilians alive.
- Tojo Military Field Code.
- Establish loyalty, piety, determination, and an Imperial Army.
-Discuss the impact of their Homefront and propaganda and what it was like in their country during the war
-Propaganda
- Only victories were in newspaper
- Soldiers returning from Midway were not allowed to communicate
- Japanese militarists couldn't hide bombing (in Japan) from the people
- Posters
-Discuss major battle strategies
Invasion of China
- Japan was not industrial as United States or Great Britain
- Relied on imports
- Seized oil and rubber in Oceania and Southeast Asia but couldn't move to factories
- Americans bombed many Japanese transport system
- Women and children worked on farms and in factories
Yamamoto Isoroku
- Attended Japanese Naval academy
- 3 years later attended Harvard University
- Air Force Captain
- Toured United States
- Turned Japan from battleships to aircraft carriers
- He used them in Pearl Harbor attack
Chichi Nagumo
- Commander of carrier that attacked Pearl Harbor
-Discuss major battles that the country was involved in
Battle of Pearl Harbor
- December 7, 1941
- Honolulu, Hawaii
- Japanese fighter planes attacked the naval base
- Lasted 2 hours
- Very devastating
- Japan won
- Destroyed 20 American naval vessels
Battle of Singapore
- February 8, 1942
- Japanese launched an attack on British
- Arthur Percival expected the attack
- Japanese decided to pass through the jungle
- 7 days- Commonwealth forces surrendered
- 60,000 prisoners of war
- Japan won
Battle of Midway
- June 3, 1942
- US and Japan
- Admiral Yamamoto wanted to take away Midway
- Last American base in the Pacific
- Expand Japanese defensive zone
- Force Americans to react
- Americans won
- Yamamoto used 160 ships and 400 aircraft
- Wait for Americans to approach Midway
- Finish off American
- Americans lost 137 aircraft and 300 men
- Japanese lost over 330 aircraft and 3,500 men
- Huge loss for Japan
Battle of Guadalcanal
- August 7, 1942
- Series of battles fought on land and sea
- Allied forces, mostly United States troops launched an attack
- Allies succeeded to capture the island
- +6 months to break Japanese defenses
- Japanese Lost
- 30,000 men
- Over 600 aircraft
- 24 warships
- Allies suffered heavy losses as well
Battle of Iwo Jima
- Tiny island
- Famous battle of Pacific War
- February 19- March 26, 1945
- US Marines invaded after months of naval and air bombardment
- 70,000 U.S Marine and 22,000 Japanese soldiers
- Flag Raising
- 5 days after battle
- 5 marines and 1 Navy corpsmen raised it
- 3 men died in action
- United States lost 7,000 marines
- Japan won
- 27 medal given after battle
-Discuss other people/generals from their country in WWII that had a major impact on the war
Yamamoto Isoroku
- Attended Japanest Naval Academy
- 1 year later attended Harvard University
- Turned Japan from Battleships in aircraft carriers (which he used in his Pearl Harbor attack)
Chuichi Nagumo
- Commander of a carrier that attacked Pearl Harbor
- Commander of the carrier force at Midway
- Committed suicide
-Discuss why they won or lost the war
- Lost
- Lack of food supply
- Atomic bombs killed a lot of people
- Depended on imports
- Pearl Harbor
-Discuss the impact WWII had on the country
- Japan was devastated
- Industries and transportation networks were severely damaged
- Severe shortage of food continued
- Japan lost all the land they acquired
- The Allies occupy Japan
-Italy
Discuss the following
-Major events that impacted their country between WWI and WWII.
March on Rome
- October 28, 1922
- Mussolini led members of the fascist party to Rome to seize power of Italian government
- Luigi Facta- Prime Minister
- Stepped down
- King Victor Emmanuel III
- Didn't want civil war
- Didn't send soldiers into Rome
Italy Joins Axis Powers
- Rome-Berlin Axis
- October 21, 1936
- States that all countries of Europe will one day rotate around the Rome-Berlin axis
-Tell us about their leader(s) during WWII
Benito Mussolini
- Organized a facist revolution in Italy
- Came to power in 1922
- Turned Italy into a legal dictatorship in 1925
- Founder of facism
- Allied with his friend Adolf Hitler
- He was voted out of power and arrested
- Rescued from prison by German special forces
- Captured by Italian Communists in 1945
- Executed April 28, 1945
Fascism
- Radical form of nationalism
- Originated in Italy during World War Two
- Created by Benito Mussolini
- Controlled Italy
- 1922-1943
- Encouraged extreme nationalism and militarism
- believe Italy is better than anyone else
-Discuss the impact of their Homefront and propaganda and what it was like in their country during the war
Italian Propaganda
- Used to unify the nation
- Create modern Roman Empire
- Make the enemies of Italian government look like barbarian killers
Italy in North Africa
- Mussolini order his army in Libya to cross Egyptian border in September, 1940
- Numerically superior
- Less mobile
- Poorly organized
- Italians on the verge of certain collapse, December 1940
- Italians weren't trusted by Germans
- Axis was driven out of North Africa in 1943
-Discuss major battles that the country was involved in
Operation Torch
- British troops advanced from east through Libya
- United States and British troops landed in Morocco and Algeria
- Advanced West
- Pinned German and Italian troops into Tunisia
- Axis surrendered on May 13, 1943
Battle of Britain
- Italy slightly participation the battle
- They sent around 200 aircraft carrying 1,500 pounds of bombs
The Mediterranean
- Crucial to the success of the Italian forces
- Fought for control of the trad
- Axis never took full control of the Mediterranean
- Couldn't stop the Allies from moving men and supplies through the Suez Canal for war effort
Battle of Tarantino
- British biplanes torpedoed and sank much of the large ships in Italian surface fleet
- 1 battleship sunk
- 2 battleship damaged
- 2 heavy cruisers damaged
Battle of Cape Matapan
- March, 1941
- Italians lost ships
- Destroyed rest of fleet
Operation Husky
- Allied amphibious attack on Sicily
- Get toehold in Southern Italy
- Make sure axis didn't have bases for ships or planes
- Allies won and secured island
- Moved onto Italy
Invasion of Italy
- Stalin wanted a second front opened in Europe
- Allies knew that support for war was declining in Italy
- Invasion would take them out of war
- Germany knew and prepared to defend Italy without their help
- Invasion was on September 3, 1943
- Surrendered the same day
- Italy was "Soft underbelly of the Axis"
-Discuss other people/generals from their country in WWII that had a major impact on the war
Giovanni Messe
- Famous Italian general, politician, field marshal
- Field Marshal- Highest rank of military service
- Considered greatest general World War Two
-Result of the War
- 472,404 Italians died
- Much of country was destroyed
- Mussolini was deposed in 1943
- Mussolini executed in 1945
- Nazi government maintained control after Italy's surrender
- Italy almost became a Communist country due to economic hardship
- Marshall Plan helped rebuild Italy's economy
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