October 30, 2017 to November 3, 2017
THIRD PUNIC WAR – 149-146 BC
- 53 years after the 2nd Punic War
- Rome went on the offensive and laid siege to Carthage
- The Romans burned the city and 50,000 people were sold into slavery
- With Carthage out of the picture, Rome would continue its conquests in the upcoming decades
CH. 5.2 THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC FALLS APART:
- Why?
- Growing gap between rich and poor – income inequality
- As Rome took over certain areas, it took in slaves as well
- By 100 BC, slaves made up 33% of Rome’s population
- Small farmers couldn’t compete with the rich landowners and had to sell land leaving them homeless- many became soldiers
- 2 tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, were murdered, after pushing for giving land to the poor
CAUSE: | EFFECT: |
Rapid expansion of the roman Empire | Difficult govern with a republic with a republican form of government |
Greedy, dishonest leaders | The poor felt no loyalty to the roman government who was keeping them poor |
Professional soldiers who were poor citizens and only made money if they won a battle
| Soldiers only loyal to the general who paid them |
Power hungry generals (Caesar) fight one another for control of government | Caesar’s rivals fear he is becoming too powerful and declare him a public enemy |
Caesar crosses the Rubicon River and brings his army with him to Rome | Civil War breaks out for three years |
Caesar defeats Pompey and declares himself dictator | This ends the Republican system of government in Rome
|
JULIUS CAESAR’S RESUME
- After Sulla’s death, Caesar returned to Rome and went into politics
- During his travels, was captured by pirates
- Became Governor of Spain, a Roman province in 61-60 BC
- In 60 BC, Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general
- With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC
- For the next 10 years, these three men dominated Rome as a triumvirate, a group of 3 rulers
- Was known as the First Triumvirate
- After being Consul for one year, became Governor of Gaul (France and Belgium) from 58-50 BC
- Caesar’s power and popularity concerned Crassus and Pompey back in Rome
First Triumvirate Falls Apart
- Crassus was killed in a battle in Syria so he was out of the picture
- Pompey became jealous of Caesar’s power and popularity so the Senate ordered Caesar to disband military and return to Rome
- Caesar refused and instead crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC and attacked Pompey’s troops
- By 46 BC, Pompey was dead and his troops defeated
- Caesar returned to Rome with support from the people and the military and became dictator – 46 BC
- In 44 BC, Caesar was named dictator for life
CAESAR AS A DICTATOR
- Served just a year before he was assassinated
- Granted Roman citizenship to many people in their provinces
- Expanded the senate, adding friends and supporters from Italy and other regions
- Helped the poor by creating jobs, especially through the construction of new public buildings
- Started colonies where people without land could own property
- Increased pay for soldiers
- Reformed the Roman calendar
- Was killed because people were jealous of him
JULIAN VS GREGORIAN CALENDAR
- The Julian calendar was the calendar from 46 BCE to 1582 CE when the Gregorian Calendar took its place
- The Gregorian Calendar was introduced and named after Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and is still used today
- The difference in the average length of the year between Julian
November 6, 2017
AFTER JULIUS CAESAR
- Octavian=Caesar Augustus=Augustus
THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE- 43 BC – 33 BC
- Civil War broke out after Caesar’s death
- The Roman Republic was now completely gone at this point
- Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew/adopted son), Marc Antony (a general), and Lepidus (a politician) ruled Rome for ten years
- Fell apart eventually Lepidus to retire
- Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
- Octavian went to war against Marc Antony (with Queen Cleopatra from Egypt)
- Octavian defeated Antony/Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC
INTERESTING FACTS:
- Cleopatra was a guest in Rome (with Caesarion) for several years as Caesar’s guest and won over the Roman people with her beauty and charm
- Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was Cleopatra’s and Caesar’s son and possibly his only biological son
- Once Octavian and Marc Antony defeated Caesar’s killers, they split the Roman Republic in two-Octavian took Rome and Antony took Egypt
- Antony quickly falls in love with Cleopatra (had three kids)- Huge problem. Why?
- 1. Antony is married to Octavian’s sister, Octavia. Octavian not pleased.
- 2. Octavian is concerned that Antony and Cleopatra want to take over Rome
- Octavian decided to attack first and defeated Antony and Cleopatra fleet in Battle of Actium as stated previously
- Antony and Cleopatra were able to escape but eventually committed suicide together instead of being captured
AUGUSTUS AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE – 27 BC – 14 AD
- Octavian took the title “Augustus” which means “exalted one”
- He would usher in the “Pax Romana” (27 BC – 180 AD) which means “Roman Peace”
- This was the period of time where Rome was at its peak
AUGUSTUS’ ACCOMPLISHMENTS
- Stabilized the frontier
- Glorified Rome with awesome public buildings- “found Rome brick and left it marble.”
- Created a system of government that survived for centuries
- Set up civil service within Rome
- Paid workers to manage the affairs of government
ROMAN LIFE
- Discipline, strength, and loyalty were stressed in Rome
- People had gravitas that had these characteristics
- 90% of people farmed throughout the empire
- The rich lived by conspicuous consumption
- Most people lived in poverty
- High unemployment
- Lived in cramped tenements – fires common
- Gov’t provided grain every day
- Struggled for survival
GLADIATOR CONTESTS
- Gov’t put on to appease the poor
- Provided free of charge during holidays (150/year by 250 AD)
- Fought in the Colosseum in Rome (pic next slide)
- Animal vs animal, man vs animal, man vs man
ROMAN RELIGION
- Government and religion were linked
- Among the most important Roman gods and goddesses were:
- Jupiter, father of the gods
- Juno, Jupiter’s wife, who watched over women
- Minerva, goddess of wisdom and arts and crafts
- Worship of the emperor also became part of the official religion of Rome
November 8, 2017
CH. 6. 3 – THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
- Roman gods were very impersonal and practiced with very little emotion
- Rome took over the Jewish land of Israel around 63 BC which introduced Christianity to the Roman Empire
- Christianity broke off from Judaism and was based on the life and teachings of Jesus as well as his death and resurrection
- As Jesus traveled around preaching, many people started following him
WHY WAS CHRISTIANITY ATTRACTIVE TO PEOPLE?
- Embraced all people – men and women, enslaved persons, the poor, and nobles
- Gave hope to the powerless
- Appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome
- Offered a personal relationship with a loving God
- Promised eternal life after death
SAUL 2 PAUL
- Paul, an apostle, stressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins
- An apostle was a Christian teacher or missionary
- He also declared that Christianity should welcome all converts, Jew or Gentile (non-Jew)
ROME’S REACTION
- Rome persecuted Christians as they didn’t want to worship the Roman gods
- Many people were crucified, burned, or killed by wild animals in the circus arenas
- Roman Emperor Constantine named Christianity one of the roman Empires religions in 313 AD after winning a battle where he believed the Christian God intervened
- In 380 AD, Roman Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the empire’s official religion
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN (CATHOLIC) CHURCH
- A priest led each small group of Christians in each church
- A bishop, who was also a priest, supervised several local churches
- Eventually, every major city had its own bishop
- The apostle Peter became the first bishop of Rome
- According to tradition, Jesus referred to Perter as the “rock” on which the Christian church would be built
- As a result, all priests and bishops traced their authority to him
- These bishops said that Peter was the first pope, the father or head of the Christian Church
- Whoever was bishop of Rome was also the leader of the whole church
EARLY CHRISTIAN LAWS
- As time went on, there were growing disagreements between Christians in regards to beliefs
- The New Testament was added to the Hebrew Old Testament to make the Christian bible which helped unify Christians
- Included the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) as well as the Epistles (letters) of Paul among other documents
THE NICENE CREED
- In 325 AD, Constantine further unified the teachings of Christianity
- In Nicaea (in Turkey today), church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, which defined the basic beliefs of the Church
THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
- Historians generally agree that the end of the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180 AD) marked the end of two centuries of peace and prosperity (Pax Romana) and the Roman Empire
November 10, 2017
3 MAIN CAUSES FOR THE FALL OF ROME
1.) Internal problems and conflicts
2.) Separation of the Roman Empire into East and West
3.) Outside invasion
DIOCLETIAN SPLITS THE EMPIRE- 285 AD
- Diocletian was a strong ruler that brought law and order back to the Empire
- He believed that the empire had grown too large and too complex for one ruler
- He divided the empire into two
- Greek-speaking East (Greece, Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt)- Byzantine
- Latin-speaking West (Italy, Gaul, Britain, and Spain)
- He took the Eastern half for himself and appointed a co-ruler for the West
CONSTANTINE
- Constantine took control of the western part of the Roman Empire in 312 AD and also took control of the eastern part in 324 AD
- United the empire during his reign and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (330 AD), changing the name of the city to Constantinople
- Huge walls were built around Constantinople to protect it from barbarians
- After his death, the empire was split into two again
- Today the city is known as Istanbul
- The Byzantine Empire would last until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks took the area over
- Germanic tribes moved into the Roman Empire due to the Huns moving into their territory around 370 AD
THE HUNS
- The Huns attacked over 70 cities
THE LAST ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE END
- The last Western emperor was Romulus Augustulus, a14 year old
- He was ousted by German forces in 476 AD and Rome fell
- The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) continued and flourished until the Ottoman Turks took them over in 1453
- After Rome fell, Europe fell into the Dark Ages from around 500-1500 AD
THE LEGACY OF ROME
- The Latin language
- The basis of many future languages – French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian
- Many English words have their root in Latin
IMPORTANT ROMAN LAWS THAT IMPACTED US
- All persons had the right to equal treatment under the law
- A person was considered innocent until proven guilty
- The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused
- A person should be punished only for actions, not thoughts
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