Ch. 9.1
-Define the Progressive Era, why it started and it goals.
- Roosevelt, taft and the early pat of Wilson's presidencies marked the golden age of Progressivism within the United States
When people tried to fix economic opportunities and to correct injustices in life
Goals:
- Protect of the progressive era were to (Helping poor people)
- Set up settlement houses for poor
- Opened libraries
- Sponsored education classes
- Opened swimming pools
- Set up soup kitchens
- Slum brigades- teach immigrants
- Promoting Moral improvement
- Prohibition
-Carrie Nation
- Why ban alcohol?
- Women's Suffrage
- Creating economic reform
- There was a major unbalance in income and houw people lived
- Many turned to "socialism"
- Regulation of railroads
- Regulation of business (Sherman Act)
- Child labor laws
- Women and men working hours reduced
- CAPITALISM:
* Economic System
* The means of production are privately owned
* People own and control business'
* Chance to go from poor to rich
* Laissez-Faire: Hands off
- SOCIALISM:
* Social or economic system
* Property and distribution of wealth are determined by the Government
* Government owns and controls business'
* Elimination of private property, everyone is equal
* KARL MARX: Leading figure, father of communism
- Fostering efficiency
- Scientific managements ti increase efficiency was used in factories
- Frederick Taylor - Time Management studies
- Assembly line
- Henry Ford workers $5 a day
- Progressives also worked for better efficiency in all levels of government
-What is prohibition? Why did people want prohibition to come about? What tactics were used to bring about prohibition?
Was the national banning of the sale, transportation, importation and production of alcohol
People wanted the prohibition because the consumption of alcohol lead to lots of fighting, addiction, being irresponsible, also because a lot of people thought of it as a sin.
Some ways people fought it were, walking into bars and destroying bottles of alcohol, they stopped buying alcohol so business production went down.
-Describe the impact aid organizations had on our country.
Salvation Army-Fed poor people with soup kitchens, helped take care of babies and kids in nurses.
YMCA= Opened libraries, sponsored classes, built places like parks and swimming pools for the people to use.
-What did the 18th Amendment do and why did people want it?
-What is socialism? How was it started in the United States?
- SOCIALISM:
* Social or economic system
* Property and distribution of wealth are determined by the Government
* Government owns and controls business'
* Elimination of private property, everyone is equal
* KARL MARX: Leading figure, father of communism
-What/who were muckrakers and what impact did they have on our country?
Muckrakers played a big role in bringing reform
Investigative journalists
Exposed the problems of society
Lincoln Steffens- exposed corruption in gov't
Muckrakers were journalists who wrote about things that they wanted people to know so it would be changed
They often wrote about poverty of factory workers or poor working conditions, training, and sanitation.
One muckraker wrote about the corrupt practices in John Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company
-What did businesses do to bring better efficiency to their business?
-What did the progressives do to make the workplace safer?
-What did the progressives do to help end or reduce child labor?
-What did progressives do to help workers reduce the number of hours they had to work?
-What did progressives do to bring about better wages for workers?
-What did progressives do to make our country more democratic?
- States adopt secret ballot
- Direct Primary
- Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers
- Referendum- when voters accepts or reject the initiative (bill)
- Recall- enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions
- 17th and 19th Amendments
* What did these seven aim at doing??
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS:
- 17TH Amendment
- 1913
- Direct election of U.S. Senators
- What does this mean?
- Who are our Senators?
-What did the 17th Amendment do?
Ch. 9.2
-Describe the major social changes that affected women during the Progressive Era. (1890)
Women were getting an education
Many became teachers
Help push for the passing of the 18th and 19th Amendments to the US Constitution
- Prohibition
-Women's Suffrage
Middle class women were generally to devote their time
Farm woman: Besides just working in the house (cooking, lndery, and making clothes) they also had to work outside
Woman in industry: Better paying opportunities became available.
Woman have started to work in offices, stores and classrooms
Most women were graduating high school by 1890
-Describe women's push for suffrage(voting) and the passing of the 19th Amendment.
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration: Plea for the end of discrimination against women in all spheres of society, incluiding the right to vote
Women in the mid-late 1800's and early 1900's pushed for four things:
1 Abolition of slavery (13th Amendments-1865)
2 Temperance (18th Amendments-1920)
-Describe some women who were leaders in the push for suffrage and temperance.
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, both were furious that Congress had given the vote to black men but denied it to women.
National American Women Suffrage Association led by Susan
JEANNETTE RANKING
- Worked to win suffrage in Washington state.
- Was elected the first woman Congress in 1916
- Voted against war in WW1 and WW2 (Only vote)
NOTES:
World War 1 interrupted the camping for woman suffrage
Women took the men's jobs in WW1 showing the country that they could do hard work
August 18th 1920 Women can vote
Ch. 9.3
-Describe the major accomplishments of Teddy Roosevelt as President.
- Born in 1858
- Active childhood
- Wrestled and boxed at Harvard College
- Three terms in the New York State Assembly
- Police Commissioner
- Assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy
- War against Spain 1898
- Elected governor of New York
- President in 1981
- Surprised people
- Advancing programs
* Personality
* Popularity
* Leadership
* Publicity
- Believed it was the president's duty to assist everyone if they can't unless the law forbids it
- Used his personality, popularity and power persuasion to goet what he wanted
- Believed that the federal government was there to herlp common people
- Wanted to give everyone a "Square Deal"
- Used the "bully pulpit" to influence media and help pass laws
TRUST BUSTING:
- Prosecuting monopolies
- 1902 ordered the Justice Department to sue the Northern Securities Company'
- 1904 Supreme Court got rid of the company
-Square Deal
- Formed upon three basic ideas
* Conservation of natural resources
* Control of corporations
* Consumer protection
- "Three C's"
- Help middle class citizens
- Attracked wealth and bad trusts
- Protect business
* Extreme demands of organized labor
- Not to favor any grouo of Americans
-Breaking up strikes
1902 COAL STRIKE
- 140,000 Coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike
- 20% raise, nine hour work day, organize a union
- 1903 the commission issued a settlement
- 10% raise, nine hour work day, union
- Since this the president should intervene when a strike threatens public welfare and the federal government
-Regulating railroads
- Elkins Act 1906
* Illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads.
* Railroads could not change set rates without notifying the public
- Hepburn Act 1906
* Limited the distibution of free railroad passes
* ICC power to set maximum railroad rates
* Boosted the government's power to regulate railroads
-Regulating food and drugs
- Meat inspection act - Roosevelt
- Compromise won
- Governemnt- Paying
- Canned goods
- Dr, harvey Washington Wiley
* Chief Chemist- Department of Agriculture
- Criticixed manufacturers
* Harmful preservatives
- Pure food and drug acfr (1906)
* Halted= Contaminated foods and medicine
- Truth
*
-Conservation
- Late in 19th Century
- Pioneer Farmers
* Forests
* Prairies
- Cattle
* Overgraze
-Lumber companies
* Neglected to plant
- Cities
* Sewage- dumped
* Wastes- rivers
* Health Hazards
-Policy towards African-Americans
Booker T. Washington
- Failed to support African Americans
- Few Individuals
* Tuskegee Normal
* Industrial Institute ( Traning School )
W.E.B. Du Bois
- Civil Rights conference- 1905
* Niagara Falls
* ( Niagara Movement )
- 1909 joined wirh withe reformers.
NAACP
- National Association of Colored People
- 6,000-1914
- Full equality
- Little support in Progressive Movment
- Progressive Movment
* Needs of middle class
- President ti follow did little to advance
* William Taft
* Woodrow Wilson
Ch.9.4
-Describe the major accomplishments and problems of William Howard Taft's presidency
- 1904, Rpublican
- Roosevelt pledged not to run for reelection in 1908
- He hand picked Taft to be president
- They had an easy victory over Bryan
- Roosevelt didn't run for president and put all of his support behind Taft and that is basically how Taft won because roosevelt was popular.
Taft's Accomplishments:
- Passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which reduced tariffs
- Used Dollar Diplomacy when dealing with other countries-US would use the military and diplomacy to help promote U.S. business interest overseas.
- Broke up many trusts inncluiding the Standard Oil Company in 1911
- 16th Amendment Passed
STANDARD OIL TODAY
- Standard Oil of Ohio became BP
- Standard Oil of New Jersey became Exxon Mobil
- Continental Oil became ConocoPhilips
TAFT STUMBLES
-
- He recived little credit for his acomplishments
- He was not a popular president
- Taft didn't do what Teddy wanted him to do
- Taft broke up a lor of monopolies than anyone else
FEDERAL INCOME TAX
- 16th Amandment passed 2-3-13
- Legalized a draduated federal income tax
- Provided $$ to the GOV'T by taxing individual earnings and corporate profits
WHY WAS TAFT NOT WELL LIKED?
- Not as energetic and well liked as Roosvelt
- Not good at using the "Bully Puplit"
- Promised to lower tariffs but actually increased many with the Payne-Aldrich Tariff upsetting progressives.
- Appointed wealthy lawyer Richard Ballinger to Secretary of the interior who removed land TR set aside for conservation
REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLIT
- Due to these problems with Thaft, the Repubicans split into old-guard republicans and progressive republicans
- TR did not get the Republican nomination so he decided to run as a third party candidate in the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
- Why would this split guarnatee a democrat win?
DEMOCRATS WIN 1912
- Reasons Woodrow Wilson won the election
* Supported small business and free market competition
* Only had captured 42 popular vote he won an overwhelming electoral votes
- Taft and Roosevelt Split
* Taft called Roosevelt a "dagerous egoist"
* Roosevelt called Taft a "Fathead with a brain of guinea pig"
PROBLEMS WITHIN THE PARTY
- Republican conservatives and progressives split over Taft's support of Joseoh Cannon.
- Reform-minded Republicans with the help of Democrats striped Cannon of his power in March 1910
- By the midtem elections of 1910, the Republican Party was in shambies.
-Payne-Aldrich Tariff
- When the house passed the Payne Bill. which lowered rates on imported manufactured goods,
- The Senate proposed an alternative bill, the Aldrich Bill, which made fewer cuts and increase many rates.
-Land disputes
- Taft angered conservations by appointing his secretary, Richard A. Ballinger
- He disapproved conservationist controls on western lands, removed 1 million acres of forest and mining lands and returned to the republican domain.
-Breaking up trusts
-16th Amendment
- 1913
- Power of the federal government to colect income taxes
-Policy towards African-Americans
-Break-up of the Republican Party
-Describe the outcome of the 1912 Presidential Election.
Ch. 9.5
-Describe the major accomplishments/issues of Woodrow as President.
- Ratification of 17th Amend giving power to people ro vote in senators
- Mothers day
- Passed Clayton Anti-Trust Act
* Could break up monopolies
- Labor Unions were given the right to exist
- Strikes, boycotts, picketting etc. became LEGAL
-Clayton Anti-Trust Act
- Companies could not buy stock from another company if it resulted in monopoly
- Officcers od company prosecuted
- Labor unions/ farm organization - no antitrust laws
- Bpycott and strike with no interruption
-Federal Trade Commission Act/Commission
- "Watchdog" agency
- Periodic reports from corporations
- 400 cease and desist orders
- America needed stronger banks
-Federal Farm Loan Act
- 12 Federal Land Banks
- Farm Credit System
- Long term loans with low interest
-Underwood Tariff
- 1913
- Graduated income tax
- Incomes (x) < $4000 - no tax
- $4000 < x < $ 20 000 - 1% tax
-Federal Reserve Act
- Introduced a central Bank
- 12 Federal Reserve Banks able to print money
- Economic stability
- Fed could adjust discount rate/funds and buy and sell US treasuries
-Federal Reserve Act of 1913
- Divided the nation into 12 districts -> regional central bank in each district
-Keating–Owen Act
- 1900 Census- 2 million children
- National Child Labor Committee hired Lewis Hine
- The Keating Owen Act was passed in 1916 by Congress
- Ruled unconstitutional in 1918 - Hammer vs. Dogenhart
-Adamson Act
- Strikes in Railroads
- Prwsident Wilson
- Act gave railroad workers:
* Required additional pay for overtime work
* 8 hour work day
- Act was passed in 1915
-US Neutrality in WWI
- Wilson kept the US out of the grat war from 1914-1917
- "Must be neutral in fact as well as in name"
- "Impartial in thought as well in action"
- Traded with both sides
- Ports were open, non-military use
- Actions by Germany made America favor the Entente powers
- Looked like America was trading more with the Entente powers to Germany
- Had troubles getting any goods
- Submarine warfare was new for Germany
- Wilson was afraid of this and sent Col. Edward House to England, France and Germany. Nobody listened
-Lusitania (BritishOcean Liner) was destroyed by a German submarine
- 120 Americans out of the 1,200 casualties
- Americans were outraged but they, Wilson and Congress wanted to stay out of it.
- Wilson sent a communique, germany respected that for a while
- British Liner was snuk by a U- boat torpedo
-Policy towards African-Americans
- Washington was highly segregated except in federal offices
- He encouraged people to reverse the idea of no segregation in the federal offices
- Permited segregation in federal offices, many petitioned
CHAPTER 10
AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
Doomestic Policy vs Foreign Policy
KEY TERMS:
- Diplomacy
- Imperialism (A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force)
- Militarism (Military has power in the country)
- Nationalism (Loyalty to your country)
- Sphere of influence (Another country has power to affect developments)
- Protectorate (Country with control over)
- Arbitration (Middle person)
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