October 12th- 16th (Chapter 7 and 8 Notes)

[3Jenny]

Monday- Worked on Family history project

Tuesday-

Political Machine:

• City Boss= Power broker (most were democrats and many were immigrants themselves)
• Like a Pyramid
  • local precinct workers and captains at the base
  • Ward bosses in the middle
  • city boss at the top 

Corruption:

• Kickback system- estimating too much money for projects, then pocketing the money that was "supposed" to be spent/ left over- put that money back in the pyramid 
• Granting favors to big businesses
• Spoils systems/patronage- you can put whoever you want in government/ jobs (friends/family/whoever) 
  • People took advantage of government money 
  • dishonest people in government 
• Political boss hired/ fired police
  • Boss William Marcy Tweed
    • Was the Boss of Democratic political machine in New York City
    • The building Tweed worked in was Tammany Hall
    • All he cared about was getting money
    • Stole from immigrants by over taxing them
    • Rigged all elections so democrats would win

Reforming Government 

• Pendleton Civil Service Act- 1883
  • Required most government jobs to be given through a merit system based on test scores
  • 1883: 14,000/117,000 gov't jobs required tests
  • 1900: 100,000/200,000 gov't jobs required tests
  • Got rid of spoiled system

Good President Also Brought Change

• President Grant-President Wilson
• 1869-1921
• Reform president or status quo president?
  • Status Quo
    • Ulysses S. Grant- Republican 
    • William McKinley- Republican 
  • Reform
    • Rutherford B. Hayes- Republican 
    • James Garfield- Republican 
    • Chest Arthur- Republican 
    • Grover Cleveland- Democrat 
    • Benjamin Harrison- Republican 

Wednesday- CHAPTER 8 NOTES

Advances and Technologies-

• Skyscrapers
  • Flatiron Building- 1902
  • Electric streetcars
  • Subways- 1904
  • Cash Register- 1879
  • Automatic dishwasher- 1889
  • Airplane-1903
  • Kodak Camera-1888
  • Automobile-late 1800's
  • Light bulb- 1879
  • Telephone-1876
  • Typewriter- 1867
  • Radio- 1895
  • Toilet paper- 1857

Expanding Public Education

• Class reading
• Before the mid 1800's, education was for wealthy
• Most states had public school by 1865
• Many school aged kids had no education- worked in factories
• 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks of annually school
• classes focused on the "3 R's"
  • reading
  • "riting" 
  • "Ryithmatic"
• Memorization and recitation was common 

Thursday-

The Lecture- 

• Immigrants could not read or write
  • learned through listening
• Set up like a factory during the Industrial Revolution
  • The bells
  • Assembly line
    • Students are tested and if they pass, movie to the next part of the assembly line 
  • Schools were/are "one size fits all" and prepared students to work in factories upon finishing school 

African American and Immigrant EDU

• African Americans were mostly excluded to public schools
• Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
• Most European immigrant families sent their children to the free public schools
• Children leaned English to become "Americanized"

Religion in School

• Public schools had mandatory reading from the Protestant Bible
• Many Catholic families were concerned
• Catholic communities set up parochial schools to give their children Catholic Education
  • Parochial school: a school supported by a church parish

Higher Education

• From 1880-1920, college enrollments quadrupled
• High school diploma and entrance exams were used in admittance purposes

Segregation- 

• Literacy Test
  • prove you could read or write
• Poll tax
  • pay a little poll tax
• Grandfather Clause (1-1-1867)
  • If you're grandfather could vote, then you could vote
• Jim Crow laws
  • Blacks having to sit in the back of the bus
  • Blacks having to sit on a certain side of the restaurant
  • Blacks having to use certain water fountains 
• Plessy vs. Ferguson- 1896
  • "Separate but Equal"
  • Separate and unequal in reality
• Lynching and violence 

Entertainment-

• 1800's and Early 1900's
  • Circuses- "Greatest Show on Earth"
• Coney Island (1903)- Amusement parks
• Vaudeville Shows
• Minstrel Shows (White people painting themselves black and making fun of their culture"
• Parks- Central Park in NYC (1857)
• Basketball
  • Dr. James Naismith 

Friday- Work Day on Family Projects

Entertainment

• Basketball
  • Dr. James Naismith
  • First Public game was in 1892
  • Used soccer balls and real baskets
• Baseball
  • Invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839
  • Major League baseball became big in the late 1800's 
• Football
  • Late 1800's college football became popular
  • NFL would not start until 1920's 
• Other Popular Sports
  • Tennis 
  • Golf (British)
    • John McDermott (1911)
  • Boxing
    • "Gentleman Jim" Corbett and Jack Johnson (Heavyweight Champion-1908-1915)
  • Biking- 1885
• Music and Dancing
  • Ragtime (Pre-Rap)
• Movies-
  • The Great Train Robbery- 1903
• World Fair's
  • Focused on showcasing the latest and greatest in invention and technology
  • 1853- New York, 1893-Chicago (Ferris Wheel), 1901-Buffalo (McKinley killed)

Ch. 7.3

What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?

Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.

What caused all this corruption in government?

What laws came about to reform government?

Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William McKinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?

Ch. 8.1:

-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?


Ch. 8.2:

-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?


Ch. 8.3:

-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?

-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.


Ch. 8.4:

-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.