Oct 21-Nov 15

Monday-Go over test

Tuesday-Notes

Ancient Rome

Milliarium Aureum

Translates to Golden Milestone
Was a marble or gilded bronze statue erected by Caesar Augustus in 20 BCE
All roads were thought to have started here and all distances were measured in relation to it

Romulus

Romulus is considered to be the first king of rome around 750 BCE

He was unhappy with the number of people and especially the lack of women in Rome so held a festival inviting people from other kingdoms

This is led to a war between the Romans and the Sabines

Why did Rome ended up being the place of the next great civilization in the west? Location

The First Romans 1000 BC-500 BC

Latins- Built the original settlement at Rome on Palatine Hill
Greeks- Established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily
Etruscans.Came from Northern italy.Skilled metalworker and engineers.Had a writing system with an alphabet that the Romans adopted Greatly influenced Roman architecture. Introduced the arch

Republic- A government run by the people through elected representatives

Wednesday- Notes

The Early Republic

The Etruscans were the group that helped rome grow into a large city

Under the Etruscans, Rome was ruled by a king until 509 BCE

King Tarquin the Proud was a tyrant and was overthrown by Brutus, the founder of the Roman Republic. Tarquin would be the last King of Rome

The Roman Republic

Set up after King Tarquin was overthrown in 509 BCE
A form of government in which power rests with the citizens who have to right to vote for their leaders

Who were Roman Citizens

The Roman Concept of the citizen evolved over time
All males over 15 who were descended from the original tribes of Rome became citizens
Citizens of rome distinguished themselves from slaves and other noncitizens by wearing a toga.
The full citizens could vote, marry freeborn persons, and buy and sell things
Some citizens were not allowed to vote or hold public commerce, but could not hold office or marry freeborn women
In the late Republic, male slaves who were granted their freedom could become full citizens

Patricians

The Upper Class- wealthy landowners
Very Small group-5-10% of the citizens population
Controlled the most valuable land,held the key military and religious offices

Plebeians

The lower class-peasants,laborers,artisans, shoekeepers
Very large group-90-95% of the citizens population
Very few privileges and say but could vote
Paid most of the taxes and served in the army

Thursday-Notes

The Roman Republic-The Government

Dictators were chosen by the Consuls and elected by the Senate in times of crisis.
They had absolute power for six months to make laws and control the army
Then they had to shut down.

Roman Dictator- Cincinnatus

During a severe military emergency, the Roman Senate call Cincinnatus, from his farm to serve as dictator and to lead the Roman Army
Cincinnatus stepped down from the dictatorship and returned to his farm only 15 days after he successfully defeated Rome’s enemies

Master of the Horse- Magister Equitum

Selected by the dictator as the head of the cavalry
Was second in command
His term ran out with the dictator, after six months

The twelve tables

In 451 BCE, some officials started writing down ROme’s law onto tables

Oct-28/31

Monday-Notes

The roman Republic-Military

The Military was very important
All citizens who owned land were required to serve in military
Plebeians served in the military as well

Praetorian Guard

The elite of the roman Army
Their duty was to protect high ranking officials and eventually became personal bodyguards of the Roman emperor
The guard eventually got involved in overthrowing emperors and naming their replacements

Roman Treatment of People Taken Over

Areas right next to rome,such as latins, became full Roman citizens
In other areas of Italy further away, groups became citizens,but could not vote

Tuesday-Notes

Rome vs Carthage- 3 Punic Wars

The First Punic War was fought for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean
Rome Won-Lasted 23 years-264-241 BCE
The Second Punic War was started by Carthage to get revenge from the previous loss
Rome Won- Lasted 16 years-218-202 BCE
The Third Punic War was started by Carthage because they broke part of the treaty that they signed
Rome Won

Wednesday-Video

Thursday- Notes

Events Between the 2nd and 3rd Punic War

The treaty that ended the 2nd Punic War caused carthage to lose all land outside of where Carthage was
The Treaty also said that Carthage could have no army and not go to war
Shortly thereafter, Carthage was attacked by the Numidian King, Masinissa, who was an ally of Carthage in the 2nd Punic War
Since Carthage could not have an army, they asked Rome to help.

Third Punic War

53 years after the 2nd Punic War
Rome went on the offensive and laig siege to Carthage
The Romans burned the city, 200,000 Carthaginian people died and 50,000 were sold on slavery
Carthage was no more and became a Roman colony called Africa
With Carthage out of the picture, Rome would contuine its conquests in the upcoming decades and be the dominant power in the area

11/4-11/8

Monday-Notes

The Roman Republic Falls Apart

Why?

The growing gap between rich and poor--income inequality

As rome took over areas, it took in slaves as well
By 100 BCE, slaves made up 33% of Rome’s Population
Small farmers couldn’t compete with the rich landowners and had to sell land leaving them homeless many became soldiers
The “victorious” soldier problem”

Gaius Julius Caesar’s Resume

Grew up in a patrician family
Father died when he was 16
Married Cornelia in 84 BCE
Became the High Priest of Jupiter
There was a Civil War in Rome and the person Caesar backed lost
Due to this, Caesar joined the military to hide from Sulla, the new dictator
Fought in Asia and Cilicia
In 60 BCE, Julius Caesar returned to Rome and joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general
With their help, Caesar was elected Consul in 59 BCE
Caesar went to Gaul in 58 BCE with his legions in search of money
He fought the Gauls ( Vercingetorix) and eventually defeated them by 52 BCE- this was not an easy win for rome

Tuesday-Notes

First Triumvirate Falls apart

Crassus was killed in a battle in Syria so he was out of the picture
Pompey became jealous of Caesar’s power and popularity so the Senate ordered Caesar to disband military and return to rome to face trial.
Pompey fled to spain and then Greece where Caesar’s troops defeated him

Caesar and Cleopatra in Eqypt-47BCE

Caesar arrived in Egypt and was not happy that they had killed pompey
Caesar declared martial law and took over the palace and deposed Ptolomey XIII
Ptolomey orderd Cleopatra VII back to the throne aligned with her, and defeated Ptolomey XIII and the Egyptians in 47 BCE in the Battle of the Nile River
Cleopatra VII was the last egyptian leader before rome took it over
Cleopatra and Caesar would have a son together, Ptolemy Caesar(known as Caesarion)

Caesar as Dictator

Served just a year before he was assassinated
Granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces
Gave land to poor
Expanded the senate, adding friends and supporters from Italy and other regions
Helped the poor by creating jobs, espically through the construction of new public buildings
Started colonies where people without land could own property
Increased pay for soldiers and helped veterans get land
Abolished the tax system
Helped rebuild Carthage as a Roman colony

Wednesday-Notes

Caesar’s Assassination-44 BCE

Due to helping the middle and lower class, Caesar made enemies with the wealthy class, including many in the Senate(Optimates)
Many were scared that Caesar wanted to be king
Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longiuns were the two that killed Caesar-stabbed 23 times by as many 60 conspirators

The Second Triumvirate- 43 BCE

Octavian, Marc Atntony adn Lepidus ruled Rome for ten years
Purged political rivals and supporters of the assassins
Civil War broke out after Caesar's death with Octavian winning
Eliminated enemies and anyone involved in Caesar’s Assassination

Brutus, Cassius, Pompeius

Triumvirate fell apart eventually due to jealousy and violence

Thursday-Notes

Octivan decided to attack first and defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s fleet in the battle of Actuim as stated previously.
Antony and Cleopatra were able to escape but eventually committed suicide instead of being captured.
Octavian had Caesarion strangled as well as Anthony’s oldest son

Two caesars are one to many

Octavian was now the lone ruler of Rome and its empire
However, he decided to act like he wanted to allow the Republic to continue
The Senate loved this and gave him the name” augustus” or “Illustrious one” or “Exalted one”

Augustus and the Roman Empire

Augustus would usher in the “Pax Romana” (27-180 AD) which means “ Roman Peace”
This was the period of time where rome was at its peak and the economy, the arts and agriculture flourished.

Augustus Accomplishments

Stabilized the frontier
Created a system of government that survived for centuries
Set up civil service within rome
Paid workers to manage the affairs of government
Made adultery illegal
Tax incentives for families with three or more children

Augustus’s Death

Died in 14 CE

11/11 - 11/15

Monday-Notes

Roman Life

Discipline, strength adn loyalty were stressed in Rome
People had gravitas that had these charactertistics
90% of people farmed throughout the empire

Most people in Poverty

High Unemployment
Lived in cramped tenements

Tuesday-Notes

Slavery was a significant part of Roamn Life and economy
The Romans had more slaves than any previous civilzation ⅓ of the population
Most slaves were conquered people and included men, women, and children
Children born slaves also became slaves
Slaves could be bought and sold as they were seen as property

Gladiator Contests

Governement put on to appease the poor
Provided free of charge of during holiday
Fought in the Colosseum in Rome
Animal vs Animal. Animal vs Man. Man vs Man.

Wednesday- Roman God Presentation

Thursday-Notes

Why Was Christiantiy Attractive to People?

Embraced all people-- men and women, enslaved persons, the poor, and nobles
Gave hope to the powerless
Offered a personal relationship with a loving god

Rome’s reactio

Rome persecuted Christians as they did not worship the Roman gods
Many were crucified, burned or killed by wild animals in arenas

The Early Christian(catholic) Church

A priest led each small group of Christians in each church
A bishop, who was also a priest, supervised several local churches
Eventually, every major city had its own bishop
The apostle Peter became the first bishop of Rome

Early christian Issues

As time went on,there were growing disagreements between Christians in regards to beliefs
The New Treatment was added to the Herbew Old Testament to make the Christian bible which helped unify Christians

Friday-Notes

The Nicene Creed

In 325 CE, Constantine further unified the teachings of Christianity

The Three Main Causes for the Fall of Rome

Internal Problems
Separation of The Roman Empire into East and West
Outside invasions

Diocletian Splits the Empire

Diocletian was a strong ruler that brought law and order back to the Empire
He believed that the empire had grown too large and too complex for one ruler
He divided the Empire into two

Constantine

Contstantine took control of the western part of the roman Empire in 312 CE and also took control of the eastern part
United the Empire during his reign and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, changing the name of the city to Constantinople
Huge walls were built around Constantinople to protect it from barbians
After his death, the empire was split in two again
Today the city is known as Istanbul

The Last Roman Emperor and the end

The last Western Roman emperor was Romulus Augustulus, a 14 year old
He was usted by the German forces in 476 and Rome fell
The Eastern Roman empire continued and flourshied until the Ottoman Turks took them over in 1543
After Rome fell, Europe fell into the Dark Ages

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Oct 21-Nov 15

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