November 7-11

[6Faith]

Monday- Finished test taking

Tuesday (election day!)- Notes 

Wednesday- Talked about the Election 

Thursday- Talked about the Election

Friday- 

Ancient Rome 

500 BC- 500 AD 

Key Terms: 

Republic 

Patrician 

Plebian 

Tribune

Consul

Senate 

Dictator 

Legion 

Punic Wars 

Hannibal 

Legend of the Origin of Rome 

Rome's Geography 

• Everything set up perfectly for Rome to succeed 

Advantages of Rome's Geography 

• Close to Mediterranean Sea
• The Alps and the Apennines Mountain Ranges helped to protect Rome 
• Located next to the Tiber River 
• Contained large plains making it easy to farm 
• Position made it easier for Rome to conquer other lands and gain new territory 

The First Romans (1000 BC- 500 BC 

• Latins 
  • Built the original settlement at Rome on Palatine Hill 
  • This is where Romulus and Remus were found by the she-wolf 
  • House of Caesar Augustus on Palatine Hill 
• The Greeks 
  • Established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily 
  • Brought Greek ideas to Italy 
• The Etruscans  
  • Came from northern Italy 
  • Skilled metalworkers and engineers 
  • Had a writing system with an alphabet that the Romans adopted 
  • Greatly influenced Roman achitecture 
    • Introduced the arch
  • Outside of Greece, one of the most advanced cilizations in Europe during this time 
    • Not much is known about them since there is no historic documents or literature 

The Early Republic 600- 509 BC 

• The Etruscans were the group that helped Rome grow into a large city 
• Under the Etruscans, Rome was ruled by a king until 509 BC 
  • King Tarquin the Proud was a tyrant and was overthrown by Brutus, the founder of the Roman Republic 

The Roman Republic 509- 27 BC

• Set up after King Tarquin was overthrown in 509 BC 
• A republic is a form of government in which power rests with the citizens whohave a right to vote for their leaders 
• Citizens were free born males only 
• SPQR- Senatus Populusque Romanus 
  • "The Senate and People of Rome 

The Roman Republic 

Patricians and Plebeians 

• Patricians were wealthy landowners who had most of the power 
  • Believed that their ancestry gave them power to make laws
• Plebeians were farmers, artisans and merchants that made up most of the population 
  • Were Roman citizens with the right to vote 
  • Could not hold most government jobs 
  • Eventually, Rome's leaders allowed plebeians to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes 
    • Worked to protect the right of plebeians 

Rome 

• Senate 300 members chosen from aristocracy for life
• 12 tables
• All adult male landowners 

US 

• Senate 100 members elected by the people 
• House of Representatives of 435 
• US constitution 

The Roman Republic- The Government 

• Dictators were chosen by the Consuls and elected by the Senate in times of crisis 
• They had absolute power for 6 months to make laws and control the army 
• It's about getting things done 

The Twelve Tables 

• In 451 BC, some officials started writing down Rome's laws onto tablets 
• These became the Twelve Tables and the basis for Roman law
• These Twelve Tables were held in the Forum- their government building 

The Roman Republic- The Military 

• The military was a very important part of making Rome into a major power
• All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the military 
• Legions- were made up of large (5,000) groups of infantry
  • Legions were broken down into smaller (80) groups of men called a century
    
  • A centurion led the century 
  • Each legion had a cavalry unit for support 

Roman Treatment of People Taken Over

• Areas right next to Rome, such as the Latins, became full Roman citizens 
• In other areas of Italy further away, group became citizens, but could not vote
• In areas outside of Italy, groups became allies
  • Groups were able to govern themselves but were expected to supply troops when needed and not make treaties with other groups 
• This lenient policy allowed the roman Empire to last a long time 

Rome vs. Carthage- 3 Punic Wars 

• The First Punic War was fought for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean 
  • Lasted 23 years -- 264-241 BC
  • Rome won 
• The Second Punic War was started by Carthage to get revenge from the previous loss
  • Lasted 16 years 
  • Rome won

The Second Punic War

• Hannibal, a brilliant Carthaginian general, led a massive surprise attack on Rome
• Led a force of 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants up through Spain, France and into Italy crossing the Alps Mountains in the process
• Lost nearly half of his men and most of his elephants before reaching the Romans 
• For almost ten years, Hannibal marches his men up and down Italy 
• Had a lot of victories, but ultimately lost when the Romans (Scipio) attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return home 
• Rome Won!  

The Third Punic War

• Rome went on the offensive and laid siege to the Carthage 
• The Romans burned the city and 50,000 people were sold into slavery 
• With Carthage out of the picture,, Rome would continue it's conquest in the upcoming decades 

Ch. 5.2 Key Terms

Civil War

Julius Caesar 

Triumvirate 

Augustus 

Pax Romana 

The Roman Republic Falls Apart

• Why?
  • Growing gap between rich and poor- income inequality 
    • As Rome took over areas, it took in slaves as well
    • By 100 BC, slaves made up 33% of Rome's population 
    • Small farmers couldn't compete with the rich landowners and had to sell land leaving them homeless
    • two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, were murdered, after pushing for giving land to the poor
  • Unloyal Military 
    • As the Roman Empire grew in size and the Roman Republic grew unstable, Roman generals started seizing power and hired landless farmers to fight for them 
    • Julius Caesar came to power this way 

Julius Caesar's Resume 

• Grew up in a patrician family 
• Father died when he was 16
• Became the High Priest of Jupiter
• Married Cornelia in 84 BC 
• Civil War in Rome and the person Caesar backed lost (discuss issue with marriage)
• Due to this, Caesar joined the military to hide from Sulla, the new dictator 
• Fought in the Asia and Cilicia 
• After Sulla's death, Caesar returned to Rome and went into politics 
• During his travels, was captured by pirates 
• Became Governor of Spain, a Roman province in 61-60 BC
• In 60 BC, Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general 
• With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC
• For the next ten years, these three men dominated Rome as a Triumvirate, a group of three rulers 
• Was known as the First Triumvirate
• After being Consul for one year, became Governor of Gaul (France and Belgium) from 58- 50 BC 
• Caesar's power and popularity concerned Crassus and Pompey back in Rome

First Triumvirate Falls Apart 

• Crassus was killed in a battle in Syria so he was out of the picture 
• Pompey became jealous of Caesar's power and popularity so the Senate ordered Caesar to disband military and return to Rome 
• Caesar refused and instead crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC and attacked Pompey's troops 
• By 46 BC, Pompey was dead and his troops defeated 
• Caesar returned ro Rome with support from the military and became dictator- 46 BC
• In 44 BC, Caesar was named dictator for life

Caesar as Dictator 

• Served just a year before he was assassinated 
• Granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces 
• Expanded the senate, adding friends and supporters from Italy and other regions 
• Helped the poor by creating jobs,especially through the construction of new public buildings 
• Started colonies where people without land could own property 
• Increased pay for soldiers 
• Reformed the Roman calendar 

Julian vs Gregorian Calendar 

• The Julian calendar was the calendar from 46 BC to 1582 when the Gregorian Calendar took its place 
• The Gregorian Calendar was introduced and named after Pope Gregory XIII in 15932 and is still used today
• The difference in the average length of the year  between Julian (365.25 days) and Gregorian (365.2425 days) is 0,002%

Caesar's Assassination- 44 BC 

• Due to helping the middle and lower class, Caesar made enemies with the wealthy class including many senates
• Marcus, Junius, Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus were the two that killed Caesar 

The Second Triumvirate- 43 BC-33 BC

• Civil War broke out after Caesar's death 
• The Roman Republic was now completely gone at this point 
• Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew/ adopted son), Marc Antony (A general), and Lepidus ( a politician) ruled Rome for ten years 
• Fell apart eventually due to jealousy and violence
  • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire 
  • Octavian went to war against Marc Antony ( with Queen Cleopatra from Egypt) 
  • Octavian defeated Antony/ Cleopatra in a naval battle of Actinium in 31 BC
  • Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide afterwards in 30 BC 

Augustus and the Roman Empire- 27 BC- 14 AD 

• Octavian took the title "Augustus" which means "exalted one" 
• He would usher in the "Pax Romana" (27 BC-180 AD) which means "Roman Peace" 
  • This was the period of the time where Rome was at it;s peak 

Augustus' Accomplishments 

• Stabilized the frontier 
• Glorifies Rome with awesome public buildings
• Created a system of govern,ent that survived for centuries 
• Set up civil service within Rome
  • Paid workers to manage the affairs of government

Roman Life

• Discipline, strength and loyalty were stressed in Rome
  • People had gravitas that had these characteristics 
• 905 of people farmed throughout the empire 
• The rich lived by conspicuous consumption 
• Most people lived in poverty 
  • High unemployment
  • Lived in cramped tenements- fires common 
  • Government provided grain every day 
  • Struggled for survival 
• Slavery was a significant part of Roman life and economy 
• The Romans made more use of slaves than any previous civilization - 1/3 of the population 
• Most slaves were conquered peoples and included men, women, and children 
• Children born to slaves also became slaves
• Slaves could be bought and sold as there were seen as property 
• They could be punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death 
• Some strong slaves became gladiators 

Gladiator Contests

• Government put on to appease the poor 
• Provided free of charge during holidays (150/year by 250 AD) 
• Fought in the Colosseum in Rome 
• Animal vs animal vs animal, man vs man 

Rome Religion 

• Government and religion were linked 
• Among the most important Roman gods and goddesses were: 
  • Jupiter, father of the gods
  • Juno, Jupiter's wife, who watched over women 
  • Minerva, goddess of wisdom and arts and crafts 
  • Worship of the emperor also became part of the official religion of Rome 

Chapter 6.3 - The Rise of Christianity 

Key Terms 

Jesus 

Apostle 

Paul 

Constantine 

Bishop 

Peter

Pope 

New Testament 

The Rise of Christianity 

• Roman gods were very impersonal and practice with very little emotion 
• Rome took over the Jewish land of Israel around 63 BC 
• Christianity thought that people could have a personal relationship with God which attracted many people 
• Christianity broke off from Judaism and was based on the life and teachings of Jesus as well as his death and resurrection 
• As Jesus traveled around preaching, many people starting following him
• Especially attracted the poor based on his teachings 
  • "Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth" 
• Paul, an apostle, stressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people's sins 
• He also declared that Christianity should welcome all converts  Jew or Gentile (non-Jew) 

Reason why Christianity Spread 

• Embraced all people-- men and women, enslaved persons, the poor, and nobles 
• Gave hope to the powerless
• Appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome 
• Offered a personal relationship with a loving God
• Promised eternal life after death 

Rome's Reaction 

• Rome persecuted Christians as they did not worship the Roman gods 
  • Many were crucified, burned or killed by wild animals in the circus arenas 
• Roman Emperor Constantine named Christianity one of the Roman Empires religions in 313 AD after winning a battle where he believe the Christian God intervened 
• In 380 AD, Roman Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the empire's official religion 

The Early Christian (Catholic) Church 

• A priest led each small group of Christians in each church 
• A bishop, who was also a priest, supervised several local churches 
  • Eventually, every major city had its own bishop
  • According to tradition, Jesus referred to Peter as the "rock" on which the Christian Church would b built
  • As a result, all priests and bishops traced their authority to him 
• These bishops said that Peter was the first Pop, the father or head of the Christian Church 
• Whoever was bishop of Rome was also the leader of the whole Church 

Early Christian Issues 

• As time went on, there were growing disagreements between Christians in regards to beliefs 
• The New Testament was added to the Hebrew Old Testament to make the Christian bible which helped unify Christians 
  • Included the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) as well as the Epistles of Paul among other documents 

The Nicene Creed 

• In 325 AD, Constantine further unified the teachings of Christianity 
• In Nicaea (in Turkey today) church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, Which defined the basic beliefs of the church 

Chapter 6.4 The Fall of the Roman Empire 

Key Terms 

Diocletian 

Constantine

Constantinople

Byzantine Empire

Attila the Hun

The Fall of the Roman Empire 

• Historians generally agree that the end of the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD) marked the end of two centuries of peace and prosperity (Pax Romana) and the Roman Empire 

Three Main Causes for the Fall of Rome 

• Internal Problems and conflicts 
• Separation of the Roman Empire into East and West 
• Outside invasions