1.Imperialism-When a strong country goes out and takes over weaker countries.
2.Militarism-country would have a strong military and use that military to get what they wanted.
3.Nationalism- being loyal to your nation and being very patriotic.
Diplomacy-how we deal with other countries. Spheres of Influence- where a strong country has a lot of influence over weaker countries. ex. Latin America was a sphere of influence of ours. Protectorate- a strong country (like the U.S) controls a weaker country. Cuba was a protectorate of ours Arbitration- settlement of a dispute by a third party. settling things peacefully so you dont have to go to war.
Old Diplomacy- this is how we used to deal with other countries.
1. Noninterventinonist-The US did not intervene in foreign affairs, especially Europe's.
2. Isolationist-The US acted alone in foreign affairs as compared to working with other nations.
3. Passive and reactive-The US waited for events to occur and then acted accordingly. After WW2 we became aggressive.
4. Weak army and navy.
New Diplomacy.
(means we are going to be very involved with Latin America countries)
1. Imperialistic...going out and conquering territory to create an empire.
-Alfred Mahan..wrote a book about the influence of C Power (navy) in history, Henry Cabot Lodge, Teddy Roosevelt. These three all believed in imperialism.
2. Stronger army and navy.
3. Interventionalist-especially in Central and South America. The US got involved in foreign affairs.
-becoming more involved in other countries affairs
-Monroe Doctrine (warning to European countries to stay out of Latin America countries and not come over because if you do it could potentially mean war with the United States.
4. Strong Nationalism
Imperialism became very common with the major powers of the world.
These countries were the most powerful in 1900:
Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, United States, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Japan
Why did the US and other countries look to imperialism?
-brings military power and prestige to your country.
-Naval bases and refueling stations.
-$$$ for natural resources as well as opening new markets to sell you goods(trade)
-Belief in cultural superiority-White Man's Burden
Mckinley..."to take them all and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them."
Taft....We must help "our little brown brothers" on the Filipinos.
Taking Alaska and Hawaii
Alaska: imperialistic fever, and that we could take over Canada.
Hawaii: we got interested in Hawaii due to their sugarcane plantations. It was not a nice part of our history how we got Hawaii.
The Spanish American War
By 1900, Spain was a dwindling empire
-Philippines, Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and a few colonies in Africa (Morocco and Western Saharra)
The US had been interested in Cuba for a long time
-US tried to buy Cuba in 1854
Cubans had been revolting against Spain frequently (1868,1878,1886, 1895) wanting independence
Jose Marti-cuban naturalist, newspaper reporter, destroyed america property and made it look like Spain did destroyed it.
General Valeriano Wyler-rounded up a lot of people and put them in concentration camps. A lot of people died because of disease and lack of food. Wyler was nicknamed the "butcher."
What caused an increase in tension between the US and Spain?
1. In 1895 civil war broke out in Cuba between Spain and the Cubans.
2. The conflict was described by Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont as "bloody and brutal"
3. Newspapers (yellow press-particularly those owned by William Randolph Hearst) reported the brutality of the Spanish General Weyler.
-The New York Journal reports "...blood on the roadsides, blood in the villages, blood, blood, blood!"
-American newspapers were clearly pushing the nation towards intervention in the Cuban situation.
The Yellow Press
-instigated the war
-United the general public to want war with Spain
-Made people feel sorry for the Cubans.
Enrique Dupay de Lome - letter to Mckinley insulting him and telling him that he is a weak leader.
USS MAINE is the biggest reason- it was believed that Spain did it, but it was found to be an accidental explosion.
CAUSES OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
- USS Maine sinking
- The Yellow PRess
- Butcher Weyler and his treatment of Cubans in the concentration camps
- The De Lome Letter
Jose Marti's destruction of US property in Cuba- making it look as though Spain did it.
Teller Amendment
-Imperialist vs anti-imperialist in US.
Amendment to the declaration of war with spain. We would guarantee cuban independence after the war.
Commodore George Dewey: Teddy Roosevelt told Dewey to take the Philippines if and when war breaks out.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Admiral William Sampson - put blockade on cuba.
John Hay "A splendid little war" gained a lot of land, few casualties, short
Treaty of Paris- 1898
-Brought an official end to the war
-Spain gave Cuba independence (kind of)
-US got control of the Phillippines ($20 million) Guam and Puerto Rico
Misc.
-The US army was not prepared to fight this war- The Navy was excellent!
-Roughly 3000 US soldiers died in the war- Only 385 battle deaths- 2500 died due to disease
-lasted April 25-August 12, 1898
-The US became an empire for the first time in our history
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Ch. 10.3- Acquiring New Lands
Puerto Rico
- Claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Columbus' second voyage to the Americas
- In 1898 after 400 yrs of colomial rule puerto rico was ceded to the US as a result of the Spanish American War
- citizenship in 1917
- popularly elected governors have served since 1948
- 1952 a constitution was enacted providing for internal self government
- in plebiscites held in 1967,93, and 98, voters chose to retain commonwealth status
-In 1898 spain gave control of Cuba to the US with the Treaty of Paris
-1902 the US granted Cuba its independence as promised with the Teller Amendment
-The US retained the right to intervene to preserve Cuban independence and stability with the Platt Amendment
-The US got control of Guantanamo Bay os well, a naval base we still have control of today
-1934 the Platt Amendment was repealed
Emilio Aguinaldodeclared Phillippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. After the Spanish-American war, the US took over the islands for 20 miliion in the 1898 treaty of paris
Philippine-American War
- The Philippine-Amerincan war broke out after the Filipinos realized that the US would not give them independenc
- It ended with American control over the islands
- 12000-20000 Filipinos soldiers dead
- 200000-1.5 million Filipino civilians die- some contend US committed genocide
- 4165 US soliders dead
-1935 the philippines was granted Commonwealth status
-Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by WWII when the Japs invaded and took them over
-Allied troops defeated the Japs in 1945
- July 4,1946 the Philippines attaines its independence
China
- By the late 1800' it was looking as if China would be carved up like Africa had been
- China wanted to prevent this from happening
- The Boxer Rebellion-wanted to get rid of the countries that were trying to take over china
- Open Door Policy-wanted to save china and open trade for all countries
Chapter 10.4
Teddy Roosevelt's Presidency
-Russo- Jap war
- Japan shocked the world by defeating Russia
- Treaty of Portsmouth
- Japan recived Southern half of Sakhalin Island from Russia
- Japan took over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea
Panama Canal
- 43,000workers helped
- 5600 died
- Cost US 380 million
- soft volcanic soil made it hard to remove
- August 15, 1914
The Roosevelt Corollary
- It was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine- a warning to europeans countries to stay out to the western hemisphere (North and South America, if the european country had a problem with
- Said that the US would be the police offiver between Latin America and Europe
- The US would use force to protect interests in Latin America
"Speak softly and carry a big stick" or "Big Stick" diplomacy -Roosevelt, means we are using other countries through our military by actually want or just the threat of our army
Big Stick = Threat of use of military
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