Muslim notes
I. Muslim Literature
II. Artwork and Architecture of the Muslim Empire
a. Calligraphy- a type of visual art related to writing
b. Arabesque- an ornamental design of intertwined flowing lines found in decorations
c. Artwork
i. The Muslims used artwork to reflect their cultural values
ii. Allah is the center of the Muslims so they also did a lot of their artwork based on the idea of him
iii. They repeated a lot of things in art (geometric designs) which is called arabesque
d. Art in Religion
i. The Muslim people did art in floral and shape designs because they thought basing artwork off of people was a sin and was forbidden in the Qur’an
e. Architecture
i. The first buildings that were built in the Islamic Empire were designed by Greek architects
ii. Because the Greeks were building Islamic mosques and not Christian churches, they were able to experiment with different designs
iii. Through this they created a new Islamic style
iv. In the late 700s AD the ne Arab rulers marked their territory by building great mosques such as the Kairouan
1. Kairouan- a mosque which would be like our churches
f. Math Used- Geometry
i. They used shaped to build architecture
ii. Spherical Trigonometry was also used to created right triangles
iii. The used the binomial theorem to help them build pyramids
g. Famous Buildings
i. The Sacred Mosque is located in the city of Mecca. It’s a place where Muslim went to worship
ii. It also called Al-Masjida-Haram
iii. It’s a Quadrangle surrounded by stone walls
h. Dome of Rock
i. Muslim temple in Jerusalem
ii. The dome of the Rock is in the centre of a greater Muslim shrine, known as the Haram ash Sharif (Noble Sanctuary)
i. Muslim Calligraphy
i. Cursive styles were easier to write and read and soon replaced the earlier geometric style
ii. Based on Arabic Script
iii. Calligraphy is the most respected form of Islamic art
iv. The Arabic Script was the means of transmission to the Qur’an
III. Math and Science of Muslim Empire
a. Al-Khwarizmi
i. Was a mathematician and astronomer who invented the Hindu- Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra
b. Ibn Al-Haytham
i. First scientist and the father of optics
ii. Made great contributions to science
iii. Most famous work was Kitab AL-Manazir (Book of Optics)
c. Book of Optic
i. Seven-volume book on the experiments that Ibm performed on the theories
d. Astronomy
i. They found a huge # of stars
1. Aldebaran
2. Altair
ii. Muslims pray before daybreak and before dawn predict planetary positions and eclipses
e. Al-Jabr
i. Algebra
1. Refers to the process d moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equation
IV. Trade Muslim Empire
a. Trade Partners
i. India
ii. China
iii. Arabia
iv. Northwest Africa
v. Egypt
vi. Black Sea
vii. Southwest Persia
b. Reasons for trading
i. Some of the money from trade went into building irrigation systems and new canals that helped farmers get more out of their land
ii. The money also helped farmer if they had a bad year
c. Bank system
i. The start of the banking system was when Muhammad acted as an agent for his wife for her trading operations
ii. Islamic partnerships did not use interest on day to day transaction
iii. These partnerships performed an important economic function
iv. They combined the three most important things to maximize profit
v. They were capital, labor, and entrepreneurship
d. Currency
i. The Dinar was and is the main form of currency
ii. Exactly 1163 dinar currently go into an American dollar
iii. To be able to do anything significant as afar as a purchase, you’d need probably 5,000 dinar to buy a loaf of bread in the US
iv. Investing in Dinar is like buying stock through; its value wavers everyday
e. Sakks
i. Sukuk is the singular word
ii. They are financial certificates, kind of like bonds
iii. The issuer of a sukuk is basically selling a share of an asset to an investor group
iv. The recipient of the sukuk then rents it back to the issuer for a predetermined for a predetermined fee
v. Interest cannot be charged during this process
vi. There had been an increased use of these in recent years
V. Muslim Empire Religion
a. Main Things They Do
i. Muslims pray 5 times a day
ii. The Muslims believe they know everything about religion and their religion is the only one that is right
iii. Believe Allah will give them 72 virgins
iv. They cause a lot of violent problems yet believe their religions is one of peace
b. Beliefs
i. The believe there is only on God
ii. Read many books of God, especially Muhammad
iii. The Day of Judgment
iv. The supremacy of God’s will
c. Qur’an
i. Verb meaning “he read”
ii. Muslims believe that the Qur’an is different from all other books in ways that are impossible for any other book to be, such that similar texts cannot be written by humans
iii. Scholars of Islam believe that its poetic form is unique and of a fashion
iv. The also plain it contains accurate prophecy and that no other book does
d. History in the 10th century
i. Muslims and their religion have greatly impacted the political, economic, and military history of the Old World, especially the Middle East, where lies its roots
ii. Muslims believe that this revelation to humanity was written down in the Qur’an which is the flawless word of God
e. History in the 11th century
i. Part of the Abbasid Era
ii. Christianity was 11% in the Middle East
iii. Many Crusaders and Mongols tried to spread their religious and they destroyed trade routes in the process
iv. This caused an economic collapse and a rise in banditry and piracy
f. 12th century
i. Part of Abbasid Era
ii. Christianity in the 12th century was marked by a continuation of the crusades, mainly with the second crusade in the holy land
g. 13th
i. Helped create cross-cultural religion (combining religions)
ii. Got freedom of speech (you could say anything and nobody could do anything about it)
VI. Mongol Invasion
a. Major invasions occurred in the 13th century
b. Main leader was Genghis Khan
i. 2 strategies war
1. He used conquered soldiers or peasants as the front line
2. Used archery- generally on horses
a. Main weapon long bow- made of wood and bone
c. Conquered most the Asian continent
d. Genghis Khan passed the leadership on to his sons
e. Khan was not tolerant of the Islam religion
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